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Unit 8 Abbey > MCP Lecture 6 > Flashcards

MCP Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Folate: number, function, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

B9

function: precursor of THF (coenzyme used in generating; precursors for DNA and protein synthesis)
deficiency: neural tube defect, macrocytic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia
susceptible: pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics

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2
Q

What does folate deficiency cause?

A

deficiency inhibits DNA synthesis by decreasing availability of purines and dTMP

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3
Q

Cobalamin: number, function, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

B12

function: coenzyme in methionine synthesis and conversion of methmymalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
deficiency: pernicious anemia - megaloblastic anemia with demyelination
susceptible: elderly, malabsorption diseases, vegetarians

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4
Q

What makes B12 different than other water-soluble vitamins?

A

stored very effectively in the liver

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5
Q

What causes deficiency in B12?

A

lack of intrinsic factor in the stomach

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6
Q

How does intrinsic factor help with absorption of B12?

A

B12 is released from protein in acidic stomach, binds intrinsic factor, absorbed in distal ileum

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7
Q

How does B12 deficiency affect folate?

A

folate trapped in form that cannot be used for purine and dTMP synthesis

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8
Q

What causes megaloblastic anemia?

A

folate and B12 = megaloblastic anemia - deficiency in nucleotides leads to decrease in DNA and RNA synthesis - cells increase in size without dividing - large immature RBCs released and cannot carry sufficient oxygen

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9
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A 
potassium K+
sodium NA+
Chloride Cl-
Calcium Ca2+
Phosphorus P
Sulfur S
Magnesium Mg2+
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10
Q

What are the microminerals?

A 
iron
copper
zinc
chromium
iodine
manganese
selenium
molybdenum
fluoride
boron
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11
Q

What are potassium, sodium, and chloride critical for?

A

as electrolytes for fluid homeostasis and in neuromuscular function

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12
Q

Calcium: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

functions: component of bone, signaling, coagulation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission
deficiency: muscle cramps, osteoporosis, rickets
susceptible: children, adult women, elderly

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13
Q

What is required for calcium absorption and utilization?

A

vitamin D

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14
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

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15
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

calcium deficiency causing porous bones

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16
Q

Magnesium: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

functions: essential for many enzymes using MgATP (transporters need Mg to recognize ATP), high levels in bone (required for bone formation)
deficiency: weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia (neuromuscular)
susceptible: alcoholics, patients taking diuretics

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17
Q

Phosphorus: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

functions: component of bone, nucleic acids, membrane lipids, required in all energy-producing reactions
deficiency: RARE - rickets, muscle weakness and breakdown, seizure

18
Q

Iron: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

functions: O2/CO2 transport in hemoglobin, oxidative phosphorylation, cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes
deficiency: microcytic hypochromic anemia, decreased immunity
susceptible: COMMON - children and menstruating women, pregnant, elderly

19
Q

What causes reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+?

A

vitamin C

low pH in stomach helps release Fe3+ from ligands and makes it bioavailable

20
Q

What are the two major barriers in iron absorption?

A
  1. release of Fe3+ from food (iron in spinach is tightly chelated and cannot be absorbed)
  2. availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+
21
Q

What are characteristics of iron-deficient anemia?

A

microcytic anemia - small, pale RBCs

-less hg produced - RBCs undergo more cell divisions in bone marrow waiting for synthesis

22
Q

What are the symptoms of iron-deficient anemia?

A

fatigue, pallor, weakness, dizziness

23
Q

What does long term iron toxicity cause?

A

hemochromatosis - iron overload leading to iron deposits “iron tan” - eventually compromises mitochondrial function leading to lactic acidosis

24
Q

What does acute iron toxicity cause?

A

overdose in children - most common cause of death due to toxicity (consumption of adult iron supplements)

25
Q

What makes metal microminerals a toxic risk?

A

chemical properties as redox agents that can cause production of ROS

26
Q

Copper: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

function: assists iron absorption, cofactor for enzymes required in collagen syntehsis, fatty acid metabolism, and elimination of ROS
deficiency: rare - anemia, hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries (bc collagen synthesis), bone demineralization demyelination
susceptible: Menkes’ syndrome or consuming excessive zinc

27
Q

What is Menkes’ disease?

A

copper-deficiency disorder that comes from inherited mutations in a Cu-transporting ATPase - need to transport into golgi to supply Cu to enzymes (enzymes are secreted without Cu without transporter)

28
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

mutation resulting in copper overload

copper accumulates in liver with severe liver and nervous symptoms

29
Q

Zinc: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

functions: cofactor for many enzymes and plays a structural role in many proteins (zinc finger)
deficiency: poor wound healing, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, poor growth and impaired sexual development in children
susceptible: alcoholics, elderly, people with malabsorption

30
Q

What is the earliest symptom of zinc deficiency?

A

scaly dermatitis

31
Q

Chromium: functions, deficiency, susceptible groups

A

function: component of chromodulin - facilitates insulin binding to its receptor
deficiency: impaired glucose tolerance
susceptible: those with impaired glucose tolerance

32
Q

Iodine: functions, deficiency, source

A

function: incorporated into triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) - regulates BMR
deficiency: goiter, hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism
source: saltwater fish

33
Q

Selenium: functions, deficiency, source

A

function: component of antioxidant enzymes and deiodinase enzymes
deficiency: Keshan disease - cardiomyopathy and cretinism
source: selenium content in soil

34
Q

Fluoride

A

incorporated into bone and teeth - strengthens

35
Q

Boron

A

involved in bone formation

36
Q

sulfur

A

component of amino acids

37
Q

Most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in children

A

iron and calcium

38
Q

Most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in teenagers

A

calcium and magnesium, vitamin A, C, B6

39
Q

Most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in women

A

iron, calcium, magnesium, B6, folate, D

40
Q

Most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in elderly

A

B6, B12, D, zinc and chromium

due to compromised absorption

41
Q

Most common vitamin and nutrient deficiencies in alcoholics

A

especially folate, B6, thiamine

Unit 8 Abbey (19 decks)

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