MCO Test 4 Flashcards
Abilities cells and organisms need to abide by
Structural integrity and
Receive and respond to stimuli
These are programmed during early development (ocellus are level)
Proliferation
Increase in number
Four processes for development
1 cell proliferation
2 cell specialisation
3 interaction of cells with other cells and environment
4. Cell movement and migration (tissues and organs)
Common development stages
Egg
Cleavage first division
Gastrulation
Germ layers( groups of cells that will become differentiated into different cell types)
Proteins important for cell development
Cell adhesion and signalling transmembrane proteins
Gene regulatory proteins
Cell to cell adhere junctions
Actin filaments via cadherin proteins
Cell to cell desmosome junctions
Intermediate filaments via Cadherin proteins
Cell matrix anchoring junctions connect with intracellular cytoskeleton via integrin proteins
Actin linked is actin filaments and
hemidesmosomes intermediate
Spermann and mangold 1924
Direct evidence of key cells and their products
By grafting small groups of cells into host embryo lead to conjoined tissue
Embryo is divided into small number of broad regions
These will become future germ layers
-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm
Fate
What a cell will normally develop into
Two stages of commitment
Specification will differentiate into state but signalling could change its fate
Determination will become cell fate no matter what
Undifferentiated tissue can be regionally determined as leg but not which part of leg therefore
Not fully committed
Gene regulatory proteins in leg and wing act differently so gene expression is altered
Induction
Where a signal from one group of cells influences the developmental fate of another
Inductive interaction
Determines pattern formation what drives cells with the same potential to follow a different path of development
Morphogens
signaling molecules that emanate from a restricted region of a tissue and spread away from their source to form a concentration gradient. To trigger other cells
Asymmetric division
Sister cells born differently
Symmetric division
Sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after birth
Based on how mRNA is spread
anterioposteria patterning
-sequential zones along the body axis (orders of HOX genes on chromosomes same order that they are expressed during development)
HOX proteins
transcription factors can activate or repress genes- determine type of structures formed in particular segment
gene has highly conserved DNA region =
homeobox the protein expresses a homeodomain- binds to target DNA
asymmetrical cell division
significant cell materials distributed differently
HOX genes first discovered in
drosophilia
what determines differences in one cells gene expression compared to another?
polarity shows the difference between the ectoderm and endoderm layers