MCM test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

scurvy

A
  • defective collagen formation
  • vit C deficiency:propyl hydroxylase
  • impaired wound healing, capillary hemorhage, deficient platelet, osteoblast, osteoclast function
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2
Q

What does anti-microtubule chemotherapy do?

A
  • inhibits poly/depolymerization
  • microtubules stable/nonfunctional=no mitosis
  • taxanes, vinca alkaloids, colchcine
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3
Q

how do cells specialize?

A

expression of receptors

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4
Q

trophic factors

A

signals that keep cells alive, absence=death

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5
Q

what do responding cells depend on?

A

position w/n the gradient

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6
Q

what do mitogens do?

A

activates G1/S-Cdk to stimulate cell division

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7
Q

endocrine

A

distant sites

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8
Q

paracrine

A

nearby cells

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9
Q

what signals activate intracellular receptors?

A

steroids/NO

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10
Q

Where and how do steroids act?

A

form dimers and act on nuclear receptors, act as transcription factors and change gene expression directly

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11
Q

How is NO made?

A

NO synthase from arginine

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12
Q

Where and how does NO act?

A

only locally, acts on guanylyl cyclase which produces cGMP and nitrosylates residues on some proteins

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13
Q

peptide hormones

A

long half life and distant acting includes GH and neuropeptides

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14
Q

What is the effector mechanism of neurotransmitters?

A
  • ligand-gated ion channels-change ion conc-AP

- G-protein coupled-indirectly regulate ion channels

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15
Q

Eicosanoids

A

lipids, act locally w/ short half life, induce clotting and inflammation

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16
Q

How are eicosanoids synthesized?

A

phospholipase A2(phospholipids->arachdonic acid)->COX(arachdonic acid->prostaglandins)

17
Q

What do NSAIDS and aspirin inhibit?

A

COX1/2

18
Q

What are the ligands for ion-channel-coupled receptors?

A

neurotransmitters

19
Q

How do GPCR’s bind G proteins?

A

a binds GTP, By subunits bind the receptor and a subunit

20
Q

What are the ligands for GPCR’s?

A

eicosanoids, NT’s, and peptide hormones

21
Q

What receptors are responsibe for smell, sight, and taste?

A

GPCR’s

22
Q

describe the activation of GPCR’s

A

ligand binds, GDP exchanged for GTP by GEF’s, a subunit dissociates, By subunit dissacociates and then they act on intracellular targets

23
Q

How are GPCR’s deactivated?

A

GAP’s hydrolzye GTP to GDP

24
Q

What are the ligands for Receptor Tyrosine Kinases(RTK’s)?

A

growth factors and membrane bound ligands

25
Q

What is special about RTK’s?

A

have and intrinsically bound tyrosine kinase domain

26
Q

What are soluble RTK’s associated with the plasma membrane activated by?

A

TKAR’s (Tyrosine kinase associated receptors)

27
Q

What do cytokine receptors signal through?

A

Jak Stat

28
Q

what ligand activates receptor serine/threonine kinases and what pathway does that activate?

A

TGF-B, SMAD pathway

29
Q

What is the ligand for Notch?

A

delta

30
Q

what is the ligand for Frizzled?

A

Wnt

31
Q

What is the ligand for Patched?

A

Hedgehog

32
Q

adenylyl cyclase

A

forms cAMP from ATP

33
Q

cAMP phosphodiesterase

A

degrades cAMP to AMP

34
Q

What is the action of cAMP?

A

binds to the regulatory subunit of Protein Kinase A, causing it to dissociate and phosphorylate targets

35
Q

What is the action of cGMP?

A

activates protein kinases, ion channels, and phosphodiesterases