MCM LO Lecture #1

Question 1

Define the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology.

Answer 1

DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to protein.

Question 2

Identify the four major biomolecules in monomeric and polymer forms.

Answer 2

Carbohydrates- Monosaccharides/Polysaccharides
Lipids- monomer=glycerol/fatty acid
Protein- Monomer=amino acid
Nucleic acid- monomer=nucleotide Polymer=DNA/RNA

Question 3

Describe the chemical structure and properties of nucleic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides

Answer 3

Nucleoside= sugar linked to nitrogenous base
Nucleotide= Sugar +Nitrogenous base + Phosphate
Nucleic acid= nucleotides linked through phoshodiester bonds

Question 4

Describe the chemical structure and properties of ribonucleic acid.

Answer 4

RNA- nucleotides linked together through phosphodiester bonds
-single stranded
Uracil instead of thymine
ribose sugar base

Question 5

List, compare and contrast the different species of RNA.

Answer 5

mRNA-Encode Protein/ cytosol,ER
tRNA-mRNA Translation brings amino acids /cytosol,ER
rRNA-mRNA translation ribosomal subunit/cytosol,ER
snRNA-mRNA splicing get rid of introns/ nucleolus
miRNA-Endogenous mRNA silencing/inhibits translation
siRNA-triggers degredation of mrna
snoRNA-nuclear processing of rRNA

Question 6

Explain complementary base pairing.

Answer 6

Hydrogen bods form between complimentary bases A-T two hydrogen bonds
C-G- three hydrogen bonds

Question 7

Be able to calculate concentrations of nucleotides using given values.

Answer 7

If you have 30% T you have 30% A and 20% C= 20%G

Question 8

Explain how the sequence of ribonucleic acid monomers in RNA encodes for amino acid sequence in proteins.

Answer 8

RNA made of of nucleotides each three nucleotides forms a codon which codes for a specific amino acid

Question 9

Draw the structure of an amino acid.

Answer 9

Draw it bitches.

Question 10

Draw a peptide bond within a polypeptide backbone.

Answer 10

Draw it.

Question 11

List the amino acids which have polar side chains by their charge properties, all others can be referred to as nonpolar.

Answer 11

Positive= Lys, Arg, His,
Negative= Asp, Glu
Polar no charge= Asn, Gln, Pro, Cys, Ser, Thr

Question 12

Draw the general formula for a monosaccharide and explain why many sugars share the same formula.

Answer 12

C6H12O6 aldehyde reaction

Question 13

Recite how simple sugars become closed rings, are linked via a condensation reaction, and are cleaved via hydrolysis.

Answer 13

aldehyde reaction closes ring, condensation reaction water is product forms glycosidic bond. Hydrolysis uses water cleaves glycosidic bond.

Question 14

Distinguish between the structural and functional differences of lipids, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, and phospholipids.

Answer 14

Lipids-
Fatty acids-carboy group/carbon chain
triacylgrycerol- main storage form for energy- glycerol with three fatty acid chains
phospholipid- glycerol with phosphate membranes

Question 15

Compare and contrast Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Answer 15

Prokaryotes-no membrane bound organelles/bacteria/single stranded circular DNA no nucleus
Eukaryotes-complex organisms larger/ nucleus/membrane bound organelles

Question 16

Discuss the mechanisms by which viruses exist and replicate.

Answer 16

Virus-lytic active hijacks host cell machinery to replicate

lysogenic combines with host DNA

Question 17

Understand the structure and function relationship in protein dynamics.

Answer 17

Structure defines function hydrophobic will fold inside hydrophilic outside

Question 18

Recall the functional classes of proteins.

Answer 18

Enzymes- ase catalyze reactions

non-enzymatic-receptors transport/channels

Question 19

Recall the hierarchical organization of protein folding and the forces involved (covalent and noncovalent) in imparting each level of organization.

Answer 19

Primary- peptide bonds
secondary- alpha helix beta sheet hydrogen bonds
tertiary vanderwalls
quaternary multiple protein complexs