MCHN CARDIO Flashcards
Alteration in circulation of blood that
occurs during fetal development
Congenital Disorder
where there is no mixing of unoxygenate and oxygenated blood,
acrocyanotically
where unoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood whether cyanosis occurs or not.
cyanotically
❑ Acyanotic
❑ Small or moderate openings may be
asymptomatic
❑ Large defects
▪ Loud, harsh murmur best heard left sternal border radiating throughout precordium
▪ Right ventricular hyperthrophy
▪ Cardiac enlargement
❑ Abnormal opening between right and left ventricles
❑ Left to right shunting due to incomplete closure of septum; pulmonary vascular resistance
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
❑ Acyanotic
❑ Machinery-like murmur best heard upper-left sternal border during systole and most diastole
❑ Thrill
❑ Widened pulse pressure
❑ History fatigue, weak cry, breathlessness, feeding difficulties
❑ Increased number respiratory infections
❑ Communication between pulmonary artery and aorta due to failure of ductus arteriosus to close after birth
❑ Left to right shunting; increased pulmonary vascular resistance
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
❑ Acyanotic
❑ Episodes of sudden epistaxis
❑ Full, bounding pulses upper extremities
❑ Headaches
❑ Leg fatigue
❑ Elevated pressure proximal to narrowed portion of lumen of aorta
❑ Weak or absent pulses in lower extremities
❑ Systolic murmurs
❑ Narrowing of aortic lumen
❑ Left ventricle must generate higher than normal pressure to eject adequate stroke volume; reduces systolic pressure distal to coarctation
Coarctation of the Aorta (CA)
❑ Acyanotic
❑ Systolic murmur best heard over second left intercostal space
❑ Thrill
❑ Split S2 (a finding upon auscultation of the S2 heart sound, caused when the closure of the aortic valve and the closure of the pulmonary valve are not synchronized during inspiration)
❑ Dyspnea if severe
❑ Faigue, if severe
❑ Obstruction of flow from right ventricles to lungs
❑ Increased right side of heart; right sided
hypertrophy
Pulmonic Stenosis (PS)
❑ Acyanotic
❑ Systolic murmur throughout precordium
❑ Thrill
❑ Fatigue / exercise intolerance
❑ Epigastric / anginalpain
❑ Dyspnea
❑ Obstructing flow from left ventricle to aorta
❑ Resistance to blood flow in left ventricle; left-sided hypertrophy; increased oxygen demands; pulmonary vascular congestion
Aortic Stenosis (AS)
❑ Cyanotic
❑ Tachypnea
❑ Arterial pulses full and bounding
❑ Murmur present only if VSD/PDA present
❑ Reversal of anatomic positions of aorta and pulmonary artery; aorta originates from right ventricle to pulmonary artery from left ventricle
❑ Incompatible with extrauterine life; venous blood enters right atrium to right ventricle to aorta and systemic circulation without oxygenation; oxygenated blood enters left atrium and returns to right atrium without supplying oxygen to blood.
Transposition of Great Vessels (TGV)
❑ Cyanosis appears during the first year of life
❑ Clubbing of fingers in older infants
❑ Hypoxic spells
❑ Squatting position following any form of exercise
❑ Small for age
❑ Harsh systolic murmur best heard at middle to upper left sternal border
❑ Thrill
❑ Four anomalies present
▪ Pulmonic Stenosis
▪ VSD
▪ Aorta overriding VSD
▪ Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
❑ Right to left shunting impending flow to lungs; right sided hyperthrophy, unoxygenated blood to systemic circulation to VSD overriding aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot (TF)
an acute autoimmune disease that occurs as sequelae group A beta-hemolytic
streptococcal infection. It is characterized by inflammation lesion of connective tissue and endothelial tissue, primarily affecting the joints and heart.
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF)
manifested by systolic and diastolic murmur, prolonged PR and QT interval on ECG and possibly by signs of CHF
Carditis
Pain and limited movements of two or more joints are swollen, red, warm and tender
Polyarthritis
purposeless, involuntary, rapid movements commonly associated with muscle weakness involuntary facial grimaces, speech disturbance and emotional lability
Chorea
nonpruritic pink, macular rask mostly or the trunk with pale central areas; migratory
Erythema marginatum
