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AP > MCB 247 Practical 1 > Flashcards

MCB 247 Practical 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

Network of vessels between arteries and veins

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4
Q

Apex

A

Pointed tip of heart

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5
Q

Pericardial sac

A

Surrounds the heart

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6
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

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7
Q

Valves between atriums and ventricles

A

AV valve

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8
Q

Right AV tricuspid valve

A

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

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9
Q

Left AV bicuspid valve

A

Valve between left atrium and left ventricle

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10
Q

Foramine ovale

A

Hole between right and left atrium in fetus

Becomes fossa ovalis in adults

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11
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Attach the AV valves to papillary muscle

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12
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

Rough muscle of internal heart

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13
Q

Superior and Inferior vena cava

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit into right atrium

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14
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Wall between right and left ventricles

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15
Q

Flow of electrical signals through the heart

A

SA node to AV node to AV bundle to bundle branches to purkinje fibers and via the moderator band, to the papillary muscles of right ventricle

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16
Q

Abnormal pacemaker function

A

Bradycardia, tachycardia, ectopic pacemakers

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17
Q

Bradycardia

A

Abnormal pacemaker function; pulse rate

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18
Q

Tachycardia

A

Abnormal pacemaker function; pulse rate > 100 bpm

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19
Q

Ectopic pacemakers (foci)

A

Cells of the SA node; can lead to abnormal HR

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20
Q

Hormonal effects on heart activity

A

Sympathetic stimulation: increases HR

Parasympathetic stimulation: decreases HR

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21
Q

Sympathetic stimulation

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine; increase HR and contractility

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22
Q

Pathologies of the Cardiovascular System

A

Myocardial Infarction, heart murmurs, hypertension, atherosclerosis, stroke, fibrillation

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23
Q

Causes of myocardial infarction

A

Smoking, obesity, diabetes

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24
Q

Symptoms of myocardial infarction

A

Chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, palpitations

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25
Q

Treatments of myocardial infarction

A

Blood thinners, angioplasty, beta blockers

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26
Q

Heart murmurs

A

Unusually loud sound of blood moving through heart valves

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27
Q

Causes of heart murmurs

A

Varies; often a narrow or leaking valve

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28
Q

Symptoms of heart murmurs

A

Sound via stethoscope

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29
Q

Treatments of heart murmurs

A

Surgery to repair valve

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30
Q

Causes of Hypertension

A

Age, poor lifestyle, genetics

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31
Q

Symptoms of hypertension

A

None; sometimes dizziness, headache, tinnitus

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32
Q

Treatments of hypertension

A

Lifestyle changes, diuretics, Ca channel blockers, or ACE-I

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33
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Thickening of atrial walls from plaque

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34
Q

Causes of atherosclerosis

A

Diabetes, smoking, poor diet, age, being male

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35
Q

Symptoms of atherosclerosis

A

None until the artery ruptures; can cause stroke and heart attacks

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36
Q

Treatments of atherosclerosis

A

Stop smoking, exercise, statins

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37
Q

Stroke

A

Lack of blood flow to the brain, typically caused by blockage of artery

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38
Q

Causes of stroke

A

Atherosclerosis, sickle cell anemia, embolism

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39
Q

Symptoms of stroke

A

Facial weakness, abnormal speech, difficulty lifting one arm

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40
Q

Treatments of stroke

A

Removal of blockage through surgery or thrombolysis

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41
Q

Fibrillation

A

Rapid and unsynchronized contraction of heart muscle

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42
Q

Causes of atrial fibrillation

A

Hypertension, atherosclerosis, pneumonia, hyperthyroidism, genetics

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43
Q

Causes of ventricular fibrillation

A

Atherosclerosis; not well known

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44
Q

Symptoms of atrial fibrillation

A

Palpitations, fainting, chest pain

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45
Q

Symptoms of ventricular fibrillation

A

Sudden collapse of patient , bluish color of skin

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46
Q

Treatments of atrial fibrillation

A

Pacemaker

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47
Q

Treatments of ventricular fibrillation

A

Defibrillation

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48
Q

Types of fluid connective tissue

A

Blood, lymph

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49
Q

Erythrocytes

A

RBCs

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50
Q

Monocytes

A

Leukocyte; largest, phagocyte, large kidney shaped nucleus

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51
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Leukocyte; smallest, 2 most common, round densely stained nucleus

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52
Q

Eosinophil

A

Leukocyte; phagocyte, large (red) granules, large bi-lobed nucleus

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53
Q

Neutrophil

A

Leukocyte; most common, phagocytic, inflammatory, multi-lobed nucleus (5)

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54
Q

Basophil

A

Leukocyte; least common, inflammation, bi-lobed nucleus, deep purple granules

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55
Q

2 types of immunity

A

Nonspecific & specific

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56
Q

Nonspecific immunity

A

Block or attack any potential infectious agent; cannot distinguish one attack from another

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57
Q

Specific immunity

A

Identify, attack, and develop immunity for a specific agent while ignoring others

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58
Q

Lymphocytes produce which type of immunity

A

Specific immunity

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59
Q

Lymphocytes are produced:

A

In lymphoid tissues (tonsils), lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus), red bone marrow

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60
Q

Lymph nodes (glands)

A

Organs connected by lymph vessels; large lymph nodes at groin & base of neck; swell in response to inflammation

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61
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes

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62
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Carries lymph originating in tissues inferior to the diaphragm and from the left side of the upper body

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63
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Carries lymph from the rest of the body

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64
Q

Lymphedema

A

Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb; cause severe swelling; interferes with immune system

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65
Q

3 classes of circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

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66
Q

T cells

A

Thymus dependent; 80% of circulating lymphocytes

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67
Q

B cells

A

Bone marrow derived; 10-15%; differentiate into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies

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68
Q

NK cells

A

5-10%; immunological surveillance; attack foreign cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells

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69
Q

Antigens

A

Targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound

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70
Q

Antibodies

A

The binding of a specific antibody to its specific target antigen initiates antibody mediated immunity

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71
Q

Thymus location

A

Mediastinum

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72
Q

Divisions of thymus

A

2 thymic lobes; septa divide lobes into smaller lobules

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73
Q

Thymic lobule

A

Contains a dense outer cortex and a pale central medulla

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74
Q

Where lymphocytes divide

A

Cortex of thymic lobule

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75
Q

Where T cells migrate into

A

Medulla of thymic lobule

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76
Q

Reticular epithelial cells in the cortex of thymic lobule

A

Surround lymphocytes in cortex; maintain blood-thymus barrier; secrete thymic hormones

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77
Q

Thymic hormones stimulate:

A

Stem cell divisions and T cell differentiation

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78
Q

Reticular epithelial cells in the medulla of thymic lobules

A

Form concentric layers known as thymic corpuscles; has no blood-thymus barrier (t cells can enter & leave blood stream

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79
Q

Thymus hormones

A

Thymosin: promotes development of lymphocytes

80
Q

Spleen

A

Largest collection of lymphoid tissue in body

81
Q

Functions of spleen

A

Removing abnormal blood cells; storing iron recycled from RBCs; initiating immune responses by detecting antigens in blood

82
Q

Pathologies of immune system

A

Allergies, anaphylaxis, HIV, type 1 diabetes, MS, tonsillitis

83
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Acute allergic reaction to antigen (bee sting) to which the body has become hypersensitive

84
Q

Divisions of immunity

A

Specific and nonspecific

85
Q

Specific (adaptive immunity)

A

Not present at birth; have to be exposed to antigen or receive antibodies from another source

86
Q

Nonspecific (innate) immunity

A

Genetically determined-no prior exposure or antibody production involved

87
Q

Divisions of adaptive immunity

A

Active and passive immunity

88
Q

Active immunity

A

Division of adaptive immunity; develops in response to antigen exposure

89
Q

Passive immunity

A

Division of adaptive immunity; produced by transfer of antibodies from another source

90
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Develops after exposure to antigens in environment

91
Q

Artificially induced active immunity

A

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

92
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

93
Q

Artificially induced passive immunity

A

Conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection

94
Q

7 categories of innate defenses

A

Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement proteins, inflammatory response, fever

95
Q

Physical barrier

A

Innate defense; keep hazardous materials outside body

96
Q

Phagocytes

A

Innate defense; attack and remove dangerous microorganisms

97
Q

Immunological surveillance

A

Innate defense; constantly monitors normal tissues w/ NK cells

98
Q

Interferons

A

Innate defense; chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells

99
Q

Antiviral proteins

A

Do not kill viruses, block replication in cell

100
Q

Compliment proteins

A

Form the compliment system; complement action of antibodies

101
Q

2 classes of phagocytes

A

Microphages and macrophages

102
Q

Microphages

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils; leave bloodstream; enter peripheral tissues to fight infections

103
Q

Macrophages

A

Large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes; make up monocyte-macrophage system

104
Q

3 types of interferons

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

105
Q

Alpha interferons

A

Produced my leukocytes; stimulate NK cells

106
Q

Beta interferons

A

Secreted by fibroblasts of connective tissue; slow inflammation

107
Q

Gamma interferons

A

Secreted by T cells and NK cells; stimulate macrophage activity

108
Q

Cells of adaptive immunity

A

T cells and B cells

109
Q

Types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, suppressor T cells, Memory T cells

110
Q

T cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

111
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells or CD8+ T cells)

A

Attach cells infected by viruses; responsible for cell mediated immunity; contain CD8+ markers

112
Q

Helper T cells (Th cells or CD4+ T cells)

A

Stimulate function of T cells and B cells

113
Q

Suppressor T cells (Ts cells)

A

Inhibit function of T cells and B cells; contain either CD4+ or CD8+ markers depending on how derived

114
Q

T cell antigen recognition

A

Only recognize antigens that are bound to MHC glycoproteins in plasma membranes

115
Q

2 classes of MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex)

A

Class I and class II

116
Q

Class I MHC protein

A

Found in membranes of all nucleated cells; binds to CD8+

117
Q

Class II MHC protein

A

Found in membranes of antigen presenting cells (APCs) (dendritic cells, B cells); binds to CD4+

118
Q

Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells seek out and immediately destroy target cells by:

A
  1. Releasing perforin 2. Secreting poisonous lymphotoxin 3. Activating apoptotic genes in the target cell
119
Q

Memory Tc cells

A

Produced with cytotoxic T cells; stay in circulation; immediately form cytotoxic T cells if same antigen appears again

120
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activated CD4+ T cells divide into active Th cells (secrete cytokines) and memory Th cells (remain in reserve)

121
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Secrete suppression factors; inhibit responses of T and B cells; act after initial immune response; limit immune reaction to single stimulus

122
Q

4 functions of cytokines

A

Stimulate T cell division; attract & stimulate macrophages; attract and stimulate NK cells; promote activation of B cells

123
Q

Interleukins

A

Group of cytokines that influence other leukocytes; stimulate growth and

124
Q

Lymphedema

A

Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb; cause severe swelling; interferes with immune system

125
Q

3 classes of circulating lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

126
Q

T cells

A

Thymus dependent; 80% of circulating lymphocytes

127
Q

B cells

A

Bone marrow derived; 10-15%; differentiate into plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies

128
Q

NK cells

A

5-10%; immunological surveillance; attack foreign cells, virus infected cells, cancer cells

129
Q

Antigens

A

Targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound

130
Q

Antibodies

A

The binding of a specific antibody to its specific target antigen initiates antibody mediated immunity

131
Q

Thymus location

A

Mediastinum

132
Q

Divisions of thymus

A

2 thymic lobes; septa divide lobes into smaller lobules

133
Q

Thymic lobule

A

Contains a dense outer cortex and a pale central medulla

134
Q

Where lymphocytes divide

A

Cortex of thymic lobule

135
Q

Where T cells migrate into

A

Medulla of thymic lobule

136
Q

Reticular epithelial cells in the cortex of thymic lobule

A

Surround lymphocytes in cortex; maintain blood-thymus barrier; secrete thymic hormones

137
Q

Thymic hormones stimulate:

A

Stem cell divisions and T cell differentiation

138
Q

Reticular epithelial cells in the medulla of thymic lobules

A

Form concentric layers known as thymic corpuscles; has no blood-thymus barrier (t cells can enter & leave blood stream

139
Q

Thymus hormones

A

Thymosin: promotes development of lymphocytes

140
Q

Spleen

A

Largest collection of lymphoid tissue in body

141
Q

Functions of spleen

A

Removing abnormal blood cells; storing iron recycled from RBCs; initiating immune responses by detecting antigens in blood

142
Q

Pathologies of immune system

A

Allergies, anaphylaxis, HIV, type 1 diabetes, MS, tonsillitis

143
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Acute allergic reaction to antigen (bee sting) to which the body has become hypersensitive

144
Q

Divisions of immunity

A

Specific and nonspecific

145
Q

Specific (adaptive immunity)

A

Not present at birth; have to be exposed to antigen or receive antibodies from another source

146
Q

Nonspecific (innate) immunity

A

Genetically determined-no prior exposure or antibody production involved

147
Q

Divisions of adaptive immunity

A

Active and passive immunity

148
Q

Active immunity

A

Division of adaptive immunity; develops in response to antigen exposure

149
Q

Passive immunity

A

Division of adaptive immunity; produced by transfer of antibodies from another source

150
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Develops after exposure to antigens in environment

151
Q

Artificially induced active immunity

A

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

152
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity

A

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

153
Q

Artificially induced passive immunity

A

Conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection

154
Q

7 categories of innate defenses

A

Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons, complement proteins, inflammatory response, fever

155
Q

Physical barrier

A

Innate defense; keep hazardous materials outside body

156
Q

Phagocytes

A

Innate defense; attack and remove dangerous microorganisms

157
Q

Immunological surveillance

A

Innate defense; constantly monitors normal tissues w/ NK cells

158
Q

Interferons

A

Innate defense; chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells

159
Q

Antiviral proteins

A

Do not kill viruses, block replication in cell

160
Q

Compliment proteins

A

Form the compliment system; complement action of antibodies

161
Q

2 classes of phagocytes

A

Microphages and macrophages

162
Q

Microphages

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils; leave bloodstream; enter peripheral tissues to fight infections

163
Q

Macrophages

A

Large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes; make up monocyte-macrophage system

164
Q

3 types of interferons

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

165
Q

Alpha interferons

A

Produced my leukocytes; stimulate NK cells

166
Q

Beta interferons

A

Secreted by fibroblasts of connective tissue; slow inflammation

167
Q

Gamma interferons

A

Secreted by T cells and NK cells; stimulate macrophage activity

168
Q

Cells of adaptive immunity

A

T cells and B cells

169
Q

Types of T cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, suppressor T cells, Memory T cells

170
Q

T cells

A

Cell mediated immunity

171
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells or CD8+ T cells)

A

Attach cells infected by viruses; responsible for cell mediated immunity; contain CD8+ markers

172
Q

Helper T cells (Th cells or CD4+ T cells)

A

Stimulate function of T cells and B cells

173
Q

Suppressor T cells (Ts cells)

A

Inhibit function of T cells and B cells; contain either CD4+ or CD8+ markers depending on how derived

174
Q

T cell antigen recognition

A

Only recognize antigens that are bound to MHC glycoproteins in plasma membranes

175
Q

2 classes of MHC proteins (major histocompatibility complex)

A

Class I and class II

176
Q

Class I MHC protein

A

Found in membranes of all nucleated cells; binds to CD8+

177
Q

Class II MHC protein

A

Found in membranes of antigen presenting cells (APCs) (dendritic cells, B cells); binds to CD4+

178
Q

Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells seek out and immediately destroy target cells by:

A
  1. Releasing perforin 2. Secreting poisonous lymphotoxin 3. Activating apoptotic genes in the target cell
179
Q

Memory Tc cells

A

Produced with cytotoxic T cells; stay in circulation; immediately form cytotoxic T cells if same antigen appears again

180
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activated CD4+ T cells divide into active Th cells (secrete cytokines) and memory Th cells (remain in reserve)

181
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Secrete suppression factors; inhibit responses of T and B cells; act after initial immune response; limit immune reaction to single stimulus

182
Q

4 functions of cytokines

A

Stimulate T cell division; attract & stimulate macrophages; attract and stimulate NK cells; promote activation of B cells

183
Q

Interleukins

A

Group of cytokines that influence other leukocytes; stimulate growth and activation of T and B cells

184
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFS)

A

Cytokine that slows and kills tumor cells

185
Q

Functions of antigen-antibody complexes

A

Attraction of phagocytes, neutralize binding of microbes, stimulation of inflammation, activate complement, stimulate NK cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity

186
Q

Antibody structure

A

2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains (1 pair of heavy chains, 1 pair of light chains); each chain contains variable and constant segments

187
Q

Variable segments of light and heavy chains determine:

A

Specificity of antibody

188
Q

Binding sites of antibody

A

Free tips of 2 variable segments; form antigen binding sites of antibody molecule that bind to antigenic determinant sites of antigen molecules

189
Q

Antigen-antibody complex

A

An antibody bound to an antigen

190
Q

5 heavy chain constant segments of antibodies

A

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA

191
Q

IgG (heavy chain constant segment)

A

Largest; 80%; resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins; can cross placenta; maternal IgG provides passive immunity to fetus

192
Q

IgE (heavy chain constant segment)

A

Attaches as individual molecule to the exposed surfaces of basophils and mast cells; when antigen is bound to IgE, stimulated to release histamine and accelerate inflammation

193
Q

IgD

A

On surface of B cells; binds antigens in extracellular fluid; sensitization of the B cell involved

194
Q

IgM

A

First secreted after antigen is encountered; declines as IgG productions accelerates; responsible for blood agglutination

195
Q

IgA

A

Glandular secretions; attack before pathogens gains access to internal tissues; circulate as individual molecule or in pairs where epithelial cells absorb them from blood and attach a secretory piece, which confers solubility

AP (1 decks)

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