MCAT PSYCH CH 11

Question 1

what are sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside world?

Answer 1

exteroceptors

Question 1

what are sensory receptors that respond to internal stimuli?

Answer 1

interoceptors

Question 2

5 types of sensory receptors

Answer 2

1. mechanoreceptors
   2.chemoreceptors
   3.nocioreceptors
   4.thermoreceptors
   5.electromagnetic receptors

Question 3

what are mechanoreceptors?

Answer 3

respond to mechanical disturbances

example: hair cells in the cochlea detects vibration from sound waves

Question 4

what are chemoreceptors?

Answer 4

respond to particular chemicals

example: olfactory receptors and gustatory receptors (tastebuds)

Question 5

what are nocioreceptors

Answer 5

pain receptors

Question 6

what are thermoreceptors?

Answer 6

stimulated by changes in temperature

Question 7

what are electromagnetic receptors?

Answer 7

simulated by electromagnetic waves

example: rods and cones (photoreceptors)

Question 8

what are the four properties of stimulus that needs to be communicated to the CNS?

Answer 8

1. stimulus modality
2. stimulus location
3. stimulus intensity
4. stimulus duration

Question 9

what describes a decrease in firing frequency when the intensity of stimulus is constant?

Answer 9

Adaptation

Question 10

the nervous system is programmed to respond to ____ stimuli?

Answer 10

changing

Question 11

proprioceptors refers to?

Answer 11

awareness of self/body position/kinesthetic sense

example: muscle spindle - detects muscle stretch

Question 12

what is gustation?

Answer 12

taste

Question 13

what is olfaction

Answer 13

smell

Question 14

what are the 5 flavours taste receptors can distinguish?

Answer 14

1. sweet (glucose)
2. salty (Na+)
3. bitter (basic)
4. sour (acidic)
5. umami (amino acids and nucleotides)

Question 15

taste receptors are known as?

Answer 15

taste buds

Question 16

what is a taste bud composed of?

Answer 16

taste pore with taste hairs that detect food chemicals

Question 17

what is a chemical signal that causes a social response?

Answer 17

pheromones

Question 18

what is the outer ear comprised of?

Answer 18

1. auricle/pinna
2. external auditory canal

Question 19

what divides the middle ear and outer ear?

Answer 19

tympanic membrane

Question 20

what are the three small bones that are in the middle ear?

Answer 20

1. malleus (hammer)
2. incus (anvil)
3. stapes (stirrup)

Question 21

the malleus, incus and stapes are known as…

Answer 21

ossicles

Question 22

what divides the middle and inner ear?

Answer 22

oval window

Question 23

what are the four structures of the inner ear?

Answer 23

1. cochlea
2. semicircular canals
3. utricle
4. saccule

Question 24

what parts of the inner ear are important for a sense of balance?

Answer 24

semicircular canals and the otolithic organs (utricle and saccule)

Question 25

what releases excess pressure in the ear?

Answer 25

round window (a membrane covered hole in the cochlea)

Question 26

what is the mechanism of hearing?

Answer 26

sound waves enter autricle/pinna--> ossicles amplify sound vibrations --> endolymph --> haircells --> ion channels open send action potential to the brain

Question 27

What is the cause of ear popping and equalizes the pressure on both sides of the eardrum?

Answer 27

Eustachian tube (a.k.a the auditory tube)

Question 28

what can cause more frequent action potentials in auditory neurons?

Answer 28

larger vibrations

Question 29

what makes up the vestibular complex?

Answer 29

the three semicircular canals (utricle, saccules and ampullae)

Question 30

what fluid fills the semicircular canals?

Answer 30

endolymph

Question 31

what does the vestibular complex detect?

Answer 31

rotational acceleration of the head

Question 32

rods are more sensitive to what?

Answer 32

dim light and motion

Question 33

where are rods more concentrated in?

Answer 33

the periphery of the retina

Question 34

what is the term for normal vision?

Answer 34

emmetropia

Question 35

what is myopia?

Answer 35

nearsightedness light is focused in front of the retina

Question 36

how is myopia corrected?

Answer 36

corrected by concave (diverging) lens

Question 37

what is hyperopia?

Answer 37

fartsightedness light is focused behind the retina

Question 38

how is hyperopia corrected?

Answer 38

by a convex (converging) lens

Question 39

what is presbyopia?

Answer 39

inability to accommodate (focus) -results of the loss of flexibility of the lens due to aging