MCAT Psych and soc terms Flashcards

Question

Other Diencephalon parts

Answer 1

``` Posterior pituitary (axonal projections from from hapothalamus and releases ADH and Oxytocin) Pineal gland - melatonin secretion ```

Answer 2

frontal, parietal , occipital, temporal

Answer 3

executive function, impulse control, long-term planning n prefrontal (association area), motor function in primary motor cortex (in front of primary somatosensory cortex but part of frontal lobe on the precentral gyrus just in front of the central sulcus - it is considered a projection area), speech in Broca's area. If injured, can become impulsive, make lude remarks, apathetic.

Answer 4

Sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain in somatosensory corex (postcentral gyrus), spatial processng, orientation, manipulation.

Answer 5

visual processing

Answer 6

``` Sound processing (auditory cortex) speech perception (wernicke's area) memory and emotion (limbic system) Electrical stim on this lobe can cause deep memories to arise, as the hippocampus is burried deep inside the temporal lobe. ```

Answer 7

cannot form long term memories, H.M patient is a large case, parts of the temporal lobes including amygdala and hippocampus were removed.

Answer 8

can occur from head injury, cannot recall events from before injury.

Answer 9

how neurons are arranged in motor cortex (also have a sensory one for sensory cortex)

Answer 10

In the frontal lobe, highly necessary for speech, usually found on one side of the brain, the LEFT for both left and right handed people.

Answer 11

Used for language reception and comprehension. In temporal lobe.

Answer 12

usually how the brain communicates, left side controls right side of body, right side controls left side of body. Ipsilateral means same side.

Answer 13

usually left, primarily analytic, language, logic, math. Letters and words from visual, language related sounds and soeech, reading, writich, complex voluntary mvmt.

Answer 14

usually right, intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing. Can sense emotional tone of the language, moods. This is REGARDLESS of handedness. Faces from visual system, music and emotions from auditory and language.

Answer 15

connects the two hemispheres, function discovered in epileptic patients,

Answer 16

Voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic NS, attention, alertness. Found in central and peripheral NS. Alzheimers = loss of cholinergic neurons conencting w/ hippocampus.

Answer 17

fight or flight responses, wakefulness, alertness. Called Catecholamines, monoamines or biogenic amines. Epi (adrenaline), norepi (noradrenaline). Sympathetic NS. Norepi = local effects Epi = secreted by adrenal medulla and acts systematically as a hormone. Low levels of norepi = depression, high = mania and anxiety. Secreted by the Adrenal MEDULLA.

Answer 18

smooth movements, postural stability. Found in basal ganglia. may have a role in schizophrenia if imbalanced, Loss of hte dopaminergic neurons in BG, causes the issues w/ mvmt.

Answer 19

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming. Also thought to be linked to depression and mania.

Answer 20

brain "Stabilization", or inhibitor. Produces IPSP. Causes hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Glycine - proteinogenic aa, increases Cl influx into neuron and hyperpolarizes it.

Answer 21

Brain "excitation", another aa, acts in CNS, exitatory.

Answer 22

Natural painkillers

Answer 23

endorphins, slow and have a long effect.

Answer 24

Hypothalamus - posterior pituirary is separate, anterior pituitary - adrenal glands - gonads

Answer 25

medulla - epi and norepi | Cortex - corticosteroids (cortisol, testosterone, estrogen)

Answer 26

Genetically programmed seen regardless of environment or experience.

Answer 27

As a result of experience or environment

Answer 28

the extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing evolutionary fitness or the species (adaptation through natural selection)

Answer 29

genetics vs environment, often studied using family studies, twins, adoptions.

Answer 30

cannot distinguish between nature and nurture. Assumes that genetically related individuals are more genotypically similar.

Answer 31

MZ - one zygote splits (100% same genes) DZ - 2 separate zygotes (50% same genes) Concordance rates - likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait. Assumes that twins share same environment and so any dif between MZ and DZ twins is due to genetics. Looks at hereditary influences. Should look at MZ twins raised separately or together.

Answer 32

see the importance of enviornment. Eg. IQ is heritable.

Answer 33

ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow = neural groove surrounded by 2 x neural folds (cells on top = neural crest) the rest will be the neural tube = CNS Alar plate - sensory Basal plate - motor 3 swellings -> 5 swellings

Answer 34

rooting, moro, babinski and grasping

Answer 35

automatic turning head to direction of stimulus (eg touch of cheek)sucking and swallowing.

Answer 36

fling out arms when there are abrupt mvmts of the head. Then slow retract of arms and crying. If continues after 1ye = developmental difficulties. Look for asymmetry, and time it takes from onset of reflex to disspearance.

Answer 37

when infant closes fingers around an object if something touches palm.

Answer 38

Toes spread when bottom of foot is stimulated.

Answer 39

Gross motor skills eg. large muscle groups and whole body mvmt Fien motor skills - fingers, toes, eyes, drawing catching waving

Answer 40

stranger anxiety, separation anxiety | solitary play - onlooker - parallel play

Answer 41

everythi ng in mouth, sits with support, crawls, fear of falling at 9mo, pincer grasp Parental figure central, trust issues key, stranger anxiety, solitary play Laugh at 4mo., repetitive responding, mama and dada

Answer 42

Walk, climb stairs, hand preference, kick and throw separation anxiety, parent dependency, onlooker paly 10 words

Answer 43

High activity, doorknobs and jars, scribbles, throw ball selfish and self centered, imitates, may be aggressive, no is fav word, parallel play Uses pronowns, 250 words, 2 word sentences,

Answer 44

uses 900 words, understands 3600, complete sentences, fixed gender identity and gender specific play, knows full name Rides tricycle, alternates feet going upstairs, toilet training, draws, catches, unbuttons.

Answer 45

transfuction, conversion of physical, electronic, auditory, and other info from environment internal or external, to electrical signals in the NS. Peripheral nervous system info.

Answer 46

Processing of the sensory information and its significance. Sensory and brain and spinal cord. Associations etc. Linked to internal and external biases.

Answer 47

respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

Answer 48

respond to mvmt of fluid in the inner ear structures

Answer 49

respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)

Answer 50

respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)

Answer 51

respond to osmolarity of the blood (homeostasis of water)

Answer 52

respond to volatile compounds

Answer 53

Respond to dissolved compounds

Answer 54

sensory receptor neuron - ganglion (cell body collection outside of CNS) - projection areas in the brain

Answer 55

(Threshold - minimum stim that causes a change in signal transduction) Absolute is the minimum energy needed to activate a sensory system. Threshold in sensation, not perception. Below this the signal will not be transduced.

Answer 56

(eg. limina, or subliminal perception) Stimulus is transduced and arrives at CNS, but is not sent to any higher order regions that control attention and conciousness.

Answer 57

Weber's law, constant ratio between the amount the stimulus needs to change to produce a JND and the magniture of the original stimulus. this ratio is: change in stimulus over background intensity of stimulus = k (a constant that is different for each person). LINEAR releationship between background intensity and incremental threshold, direct.

Answer 58

perceptions of a stimulus an be affected by nonsensory factors such as experiences (memory), motives, and expectations. Perception changes based on the internal psychological and external environmental context.

Answer 59

tendency of subjects to respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensical factors.

Answer 60

catch = signal presented noise = signal not presented

Answer 61

Hit - correctly perceived signal False alarm - incorrectly said there was a signal on a noise trial Miss - did not perceive signal when there was actually one Correct negative - did not perceive signal when there was none.

Answer 62

decrease in response to a stimulus over time

Answer 63

sclera (does not cover cornea)

Answer 64

retinal and choroidal vessels

Answer 65

cornea, anterior chamber, past the constrictor pupillae (parasympathetic control) and dilator pupillae (sympathetic) = iris, posterior chamber, lens, retina

Answer 66

suspensory ligaments are pulled by the cilliary muscle to make it flatten or relax to make it more round = accomodation.

Answer 67

vitreous humor

Answer 68

posterior chamber. Bathes front part of the eye before draining into canal of Schlemm.

Answer 69

continuoud with iris and cilliary body

Answer 70

back of eye, composed of blood vessels and photoreceptors to turn the incoming photons into electrical signals.

Answer 71

retina has 2 kinds of photoreceptors, ones for lights and dark and those for colour. Rods (12 mil.) and cones (6mil.), respectively.

Answer 72

Short (blue), medium (green), long (red). Better in bright light and can sense fine details. Fovea only has cones.

Answer 73

better in reduced light, only have a signle pigment called Rhodopsin.

Answer 74

Rod and cone, horizontal cells, acrimine cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve fiber. This means resolution is lost due to the converging of input. Optic chiasm, lateral genculate nucleus in thalamus, visual cortex in occipital lobe.

Answer 75

optic nerves from left and right sides of each eye cross. So that input from the left side of each eye goes to the left, and input from the right of each eye goes to the right.

Answer 76

parallel processing color - cones shape - parvocellular cells (high spatial resolution, but low temporal resolution) motion - magnocellular cells (high temporal res but low spatial resolution.

Answer 77

parvocellular cells

Answer 78

magnocellular cells

Answer 79

Pinna (auricle), to tympanic membrane

Answer 80

vibrates with incoming sound waves.

Answer 81

greater sound intensity so higher amplitude of vibration,

Answer 82

ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) - baseplate of stapes rests on the oval window of cochlea and is border to inner ear.

Answer 83

cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals

Answer 84

3 different parts called scalae, outer 2 are filled with perilymph, middle one with endplymph (and holds hearing apapratus organ or corti). Sound vibrations are transmitted through perilymph, and to the basilar membrane. Tectoral membrane, doesnt move and is on top of the organ of corti. OOC is covered in hair cells which bend with the vibrations and cause channels under hairs to open and depolarize causing an eletrical signal.

Answer 85

in vestibule there are the utricle and saccule, these contain modified hair cells covered with otoliths, which resist motion with acceleration and bend hair cells.

Answer 86

semicircular canals, aranged at 90 degrees, each have ampula with hair cells. Endolymph resists motion in these and causes hair cells to depolarize and send signal.

Answer 87

cochlea - vestibulocochlear nerve - medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus - auditory cortex (temporal lobe). Some info sent to superior olive (localization) and inferior colliculus (startle reflex).

Answer 88

thickness of basilar membrane varies. Sounds of highest frequency pitch are hear at the base of cochlea, vs high frequency sounds are heard at the apex. Tells brain the pitch of the sound. Swaying of stereocilia in the endolymph opens ion channels and causes a potential.

Answer 89

volatile or aerosolized chemicals detected by olfactory chemoreceptors, as they enter the nose and arrive at the olfactory epithelium. Signal goes to olfactory bulb and then to olfactory tract to higher regions of brain including limbic system.

Answer 90

also chemoreceptors but this time dissolved compounds, cand they are called taste buds found in groups called papillae.

Answer 91

pacinian corpuscles

Answer 92

meissner corpuscles

Answer 93

Merkle cells

Answer 94

Ruffini endings

Answer 95

Free nerve endings

Answer 96

sent to somaosensory cortex

Answer 97

same as JND but with skin, minimum difference between 2 points on skin to be able to detect a difference, depends on nerve density in the region.

Answer 98

temperature judged relative to this, normal skin temp (86-97 degrees F).

Answer 99

Nociceptors send pain signals. Their pathways are also attached to other touch modalities such as pressure and and temperature. The SC is able to preferentially forward these signals instead of that of pain so that the pain is reduced.

Answer 100

``` Muscle spindles (stretch receptors - ruffini endings?) Golgi tendon organs (tension) pacinian corpuscles ```

Answer 101

Features analyzed based on sensory systems first. Process it as it comes in Smallest pieces of sensory info pieced together

Answer 102

Perception, objects based on expectation associations and context. Even when features degraded. Perception driven by cognition, what one expects to perceive.

Answer 103

using the 2 processing or processing, fillinf in the gaps using the Gestalt principles

Answer 104

can be done with 1-2 eyes

Answer 105

determined by parallel processing

Answer 106

we perceive certain characteristics constantly regardless on environment

Answer 107

proimity, similarity, good condition, subjective contours, closure

Answer 108

object close to one another are perceived as a unit.

Answer 109

objects that are similar tend to be grouped together.

Answer 110

we tend to perceive patterns as continuous rather than random stimuli. eg saw line and smooth wave line rahte rhtna both in both.

Answer 111

we perceive contours/shapes that are not present int he stimulus

Answer 112

space enclosed by a contour tends to be perceived as a complete figure

Answer 113

things will be perceived as regular, simple and symmetric

Answer 114

process of becoming used to a stimulus

Answer 115

A second stimulus intervenes and causes a resensitization to the first stimulus

Answer 116

pairing together stimuli and responses, or behaviours and consequences

Answer 117

unconditioned stimulus that produces an instinctive, unconditioned response (innate reflex such as salivation to food smells, or jump to loud noise) is paired with a neural stimulus. With repetition, the neutral stim becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces a conditioned response. Also called aquisition. Weak aquisition can have spontaneous recovery, and a strong learning can have a generalization for other similar stimuli. Or, discrimination(opposite).

Answer 118

something that occurs naturally, such as salivation to the foods smell. As soon as the stimuli becomes conditioned, as in the changing of the meat smell to the sound of the bell, the natural reaction that is salivation becomes a conditioned response because the stimulus was conditioned.

Answer 119

behavior is changed through the use of consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of the brhavior. Form of associative learning.

Answer 120

Increases the lifelihood of the behavior, can be positive or negaive (escape or avoidance learning)

Answer 121

Reduces likelihood of the behavior. `

Answer 122

Avoidance = studying before avoids a poor score, you learn that something in the future will cause something bad so you prepare to avoid. Escape reinforcement = when something bad happens the behavior that you learn that helps you avoid that situation is learned. Eg. taking ibuprofen for a headache.

Answer 123

primary and secondary/conditioned. Eg, food for dogs or fish for dolphins when doing something good is primary, as it is naturally a reward. Using a clicker is a conditioned reinforcer, as using classical conditioning is necessary to pair the clicker with the behavior.

Answer 124

Rewards given every x amount of trials, Continuous means every trial it is done correctly.

Answer 125

rewards given variably. Is the MOST effective, and most resistant to extinction. Then FR, VI, FI.

Answer 126

reinforce the first instance of behaviour after a specified time has elapsed.

Answer 127

Time elapsed between behaviour and rewards changes .

Answer 128

learning occurs without reward (rats pushed through maze) and then incetivized with reward the behavior is spontaneously demonstrated with it.

Answer 129

trial and error

Answer 130

behaviors that coincide with natural instincts and developmental stages. (instinctive drift)

Answer 131

learning and gaining info by watching others. Uses mirror neurons. Modeling is important in a child development.

Answer 132

putting new info into memory | Can be automatic processing or controlled (effortful) processing

Answer 133

Visual, acousitc, semantic (in own lives = self reference effect)

Answer 134

maintenance rehersal, mnemonics, method of loci, peg-word, chunking and clustering.

Answer 135

echoic - auditory iconic - visual stored under 1sec, stored in occipital and temporal. half-reports are easier to do because it will be recalled in the time you can hold the memory.

Answer 136

30s 7 items +/- 2 increased by clustering info hippocampus storage

Answer 137

supported by hippocampus enables keeping a few pieces of info in conciousness and to also manipulate that info. integration of short term emmory, attention and executive functioning. So, frontal and parietal also involved.

Answer 138

Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) - skills and conditioned responces Explicit (declarative) - memories that require conscious recall.

Answer 139

Semantic - the facts that we know | Episodic - our experiences

Answer 140

demonstrating something is learned/retained Recall is the ability to remember information. Three types of recall include: Serial recall is the ability to remember various events, or a list of items in the sequence in which they occurred or, were listed. Free recall is the ability to remember something "out of the blue", without a cue. Cued recall is the ability to remember something once cued or asked

Answer 141

Recognize it is something you did learn

Answer 142

can relearn something faster than initially learning it

Answer 143

concepts linked together with similar meaning. spreading activation can occur when one node of network is activated.

Answer 144

Using a word of phrase close to desired semantic memory to aid in recall.

Answer 145

Memory aided by being in physical location where encoding took place

Answer 146

Being in the same emotional state or intoxication

Answer 147

Memories decay over time, decreases quickly over first 5 days then very slow decline.

Answer 148

New memories interfere with retrieval of other (usually similar) info. Proactive - old info interfereing with new Retroactive - new info causes forgetting of old info.

Answer 149

we fill in gaps of our memory and change them drastically over time. Part of false memories. Can also happen from misinformation, source monitoring error.

Answer 150

huge amount in kids, less in adults. the ability to form new connections between neurons.

Answer 151

removing connections that are no longer used.

Answer 152

Changes at the synaptic cleft to reinforce conenctions, such as more neurotransmitter released, more receptor density, and more axonal ends.

Answer 153

Thinking requires sensation, encoding, storage of stimuli Stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (rather than automatic response) to be useful in decision-making. Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new probems Problem solving is dependent not only on the person's cog level but also context and complexity.

Answer 154

occurs via assimilation and accomodation. Assimilation is the process of classifying new info into existing schemata, if it does not fit, accomodation occurs as schemata are adapted to fit new info.

Answer 155

focuses on manipulating the environment to meet physical needs through circular reactions (primary or secondary, repetitive motions), object permanence ends this stage (child understands that they continue to exist out of view). 0-2yrs Child gets response from parent or soothing from primary circular. representational thought begins afterthis stage.

Answer 156

``` symbolic thinking (play and pretend), egocentrism (cannot think about what someone else may think/feel), and centration (focus on only 1 aspect) eg pizza example. 2-7yrs ```

Answer 157

7-11 focuses on understanding the feelings of others and manipulating physical (conrete) objects, no abstract thought yet.

Answer 158

11+ | ability to think logically about abstract thought. Pendulum experiment, length affects frequency.

Answer 159

problem solving skills, peaks late adulthood

Answer 160

learned skills and knowledge, peaks late adulthood

Answer 161

declines with age. Education, frequent use of the brain and social activities help protect.

Answer 162

trial and error, algorithms, deductive reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules), inductive reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence)

Answer 163

Simplified principles use to make decisions: Availability heuristic (decide how likely something is based on how easy similar situations can be imagined) Representativeness heuristic (base rate fallacy, and use prototypical and stereotypical image of category) BUT can help analyze outcomes

Answer 164

evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that solution does not work

Answer 165

tendency to focus on info that fits individual's beliefs, while rejecting opposing info. (similar to overconfidence and belief perseverance)

Answer 166

Often derived from experience, act on perceptions not necesarily supported by eviednce. Can be recognition primed decision model

Answer 167

situation and experience related affects decision.

Answer 168

7 types | linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal.

Answer 169

awake and able to think, percieve, process, express. Cortisol higher, EEG in waking state. Maintained by circuits in prefrontal cortex, which communicate with reticular formation, neural structure on brainstem, to keep cortex awake.

Answer 170

alpha (when you are alert but eyes closed, slightly slower, more synchronized) + beta (when you are alert and doing a task). Beta is highest frequency and more random, then alpha. Able to perceive, process, access and express info

Answer 171

dozing off | Theta waves, higher voltages and slower frequencies.

Answer 172

theta waves, sleep spindles and K complexes

Answer 173

delta waves | Slow wave sleep, dreams, declarative memory, consolidation, some sleep disorders

Answer 174

Mostly Beta waves, Appears awake psychologically, dreams, paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders.

Answer 175

24hr cycle, somewhat affected by biochemical molecules such as melatonin from pineal galnd, cortisol from adrenal cortex as increasing light causes increased release.

Answer 176

Something that makes it difficult to fall, stay asleep, or avoid sleep is insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea. Narcolepsy: fall asleep in the day in REM, cataplexy. Sleep paralysis, hypnagogic halucinatos, sleep apnea central or obstructive.

Answer 177

abnormal mvmts of behaviors during sleep, such as night terrors and sleep walking. Most occur in NREM sleep.

Answer 178

alcohols, barbiturates, benzodiazepines Cause sense of relaxation and reduce anxiety Increase the activity of GABA

Answer 179

Amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy increased arousal via different ways. Amphetamines - increase norepi and dopamine and serotonin release, and slow uptake. Cocaine also does this but through dif mechanism. Can cause vasoconstriction and anesthetic, als heart attacks.

Answer 180

heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills reduced sensation of pain, euphoria Naturally forming are opiates (codeine and morphine), opioids are synthetic derivatives and include oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin. Death by resp. suppression.

Answer 181

LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, psilocybin-containing mushrooms Distortions of reality and fantasy, introspection

Answer 182

Has some features of depressants, stimulants and halucinogens in very high doses. Acts on cannabinoid receptors, glycine receptors, GABA receptors.

Answer 183

related to mesolimbic pathway Includes nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tagmental area (VTA), connection between called medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Usually involved in motivation and emotional resposne, accounts for positive reonforcement of substance abuse. Gambling and falling in love too.

Answer 184

focussing on one part of the sensorium while ignoring the other stimuli.

Answer 185

uses automatic processing to do two tasks at once. Usually a task requires effortful controlled processing, but if we are familiar we can do more.

Answer 186

Actual sound of language, phonemes.

Answer 187

Structure of the words (made of morphemes, building blocks)

Answer 188

Association of meaning to a words

Answer 189

How words are put together to form sentences

Answer 190

dependence of language on context and preexisting knowledge.

Answer 191

one word per month

Answer 192

explosion of language, combining words

Answer 193

3+words together

Answer 194

language rules largely mastered

Answer 195

innate capacity for language ,sensitive period before puberty

Answer 196

operant conditioning, aquisition by reinforcement

Answer 197

biological and social process interplay

Answer 198

language affects how we think, eg. many names for snow vs just one.

Answer 199

inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, controls motor function of speech via conenctions to motor cortex. Damage = expressive aphasia (understand but cannot speak)

Answer 200

Superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe, language comprehension, connected to Broca's via the arcuate fasciculus. Language comprehension and speech production connection. Dammage = receptive aphasia (can speak but not comprehend) Between two = conduction aphasia (can speak and comprehend but not repeat)

Answer 201

purpose or driving force behind our actions

Answer 202

based on internal drive or perception

Answer 203

based on external circumstances

Answer 204

innate, fixed patterns of behavior in resposne to stimulu

Answer 205

The state of being awake and reactive to stimuli; aim for potimal level of arousal for a given task (yerkes-Dodson law optimal performance is in the middle, rather than at low or high arousal) Arousal involves brainstem, autonomic NS, endocrine system.

Answer 206

individuals act to relieve internal states of tension (eg hunger will cause us to eat, bladder etc to reduce states on uncomfortableness and keep homestasis - PRIMARY DRIVES) Secondary drives are not related to biological processes.

Answer 207

prioritizes needs into 5 catgories; physiological, safety, security, love, belonging, self esteem, self-actualization

Answer 208

self-determination incentive theory Expectancy-value theory

Answer 209

opponent-process theory body tries to mitigate the effects of the drug by increasing the arousal, causing opposite effects of the drugs when it is not taken. This can breed drug tolerance.

Answer 210

happines,s, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger

Answer 211

psyiological response - autonomic ns Behavioral response - facial and body language Cognitive response - subjective interpretation

Answer 212

First response - nervous system arousal | Second response - conscious emotion

Answer 213

nervous system arousal and consious emotion at the same time, then action. When exposed to stimulus, sensory info is sent both to cortex and sympathetic ns by thalamus.

Answer 214

Nervous system arousal and cognitive appraisal and then conscious emotion.

Answer 215

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, cerebral cortex. Plays part in emotion and motivation.

Answer 216

Signals cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions. Process environment, detect external cues, learns from enviro. in order to produce emotion. Also associated with fear, interprets facial expression. Also implicit memory system

Answer 217

Preliminary sensory processing station.

Answer 218

synthesizes and releases a variety of neurotransmitters, Controls neurotransmitters that affect the mood and arousal - can dictate emotional states.

Answer 219

temporal lobe, creating long term memories. Storage and retrieval of memories affects emotions. Explicit memories, episodic memories about emotions. There are implicit memories/storage of actual emotions.

Answer 220

anterior frontal lobes. planning, expressing personality, making decisions. Left side associated with positive emotions, right side with negative. Dorsal with attention and cognition, ventral side with regions associated with experiencing emotion. Ventromedial prefrontal is associated in controlling emotional responses from amygdala.

Answer 221

2 stages, associated with stress Stage 1 - ecaluating environment for threat (irrelevant, benign, positive, stressful) Stage 2 - Evaluating whether organism can cope with the stress threat. If there is potential threat for harm now or in the future, and if the organism can overcome this challenge.

Answer 222

Biological event, external condition, or element | Include environmenta, social, psychological, chemical and biological.

Answer 223

Stress that causes unpleasant things.

Answer 224

Positive stressors, that cause a big change in one's life.

Answer 225

Activation of sympathetic NS. Hypothalamus stimualtes pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Stimulates adrenals to produce cortisol, maintains blood sugar needed. Hypothal also stim adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and dorepinephrine.

Answer 226

Continuous release or hormones allows the sympathetic NS.

Answer 227

Can no longer cotinue an elevated response. Illness and medical condition susceptibility increases.

Answer 228

Sum of ways in which we describe ourselves, who we are, used to be, and may be.

Answer 229

Individual components related to the groups to which we belong such as religion, sexual orientation, ethnic and national affiliations.

Answer 230

Our evaluation of ourselves. Generally the closer our actual self is to our ideal self and our ought self, the higher our self-esteem will be.

Answer 231

is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation. when in a state of consistent hopelessness, this cna be diminished to the point where learned helplesness results.

Answer 232

Self eval that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives. People with an internal locus of control see their successes and failures as a result of their own characteristcs and actions, while those with an external locus of control see it as outside factors having more influence on their life.

Answer 233

When a child in freudian's stages is overindulged or frustrated during a stage. If persists into adulthood is called enurosis

Answer 234

0-1 | Put objects in mouth, biting, sucking. Dependency in adults.

Answer 235

1-3 gratification is centered anally and is given whith elimination and retention of waste materials. Fixation here would lead to excessive orderliness or sloppiness.

Answer 236

3-5 Oedipal conflict for male, Electra conflict for females. Male child envies his father's intimate relationship with mother, and fears castration at father's hands..guilty about wanting to kill father so aligns with father and collects things. Females may see this too, libido sublimated (latency)

Answer 237

Puberty - adulthood | if previous stages successfully resolved, then enter heterosexual relationship.

Answer 238

0-1 | if resolved child will trust in life

Answer 239

1-3 | If autonomy wins then will live understanding child has a choice in life

Answer 240

3-6 Sense of purpose, ability to initate activities. If child feels guilty due to punishment, will either show off or unduly restrict.

Answer 241

6-12 Positive resolving = confident Negative = inadequacy, inability, low self-esteem

Answer 242

12-20 Phsyciological revolution fidelity, ability to see oneself as a unique person with sustained loyalties. Unfavourable = confusion and shifting personality

Answer 243

20-40 | Love is the good outcome, if crisis not resolved then will not be able to commit.

Answer 244

40-60 | capable of being productive, caring, contributing. If not will become bored, self-indulgent and self-centered.

Answer 245

65+ | Wisdom, meaning of life, dignity. If not then bitterness, sadness, wothlessness.

Answer 246

stages 1: obedience Stage 2: Self-interest Preadolecence

Answer 247

Stage 3: Conformity | Stage 4: Law and order

Answer 248

Stage 5: Social contract | Stage 6: Universal human ethics

Answer 249

Assumption of unconcious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality.

Answer 250

id, ego, superego

Answer 251

operates using pleasure principle, immediate gratification, daydreaming is wish fulfillment. All basic inborn urges to survive and reproduce.

Answer 252

operates using reality rpinciple, realizes objective reality and to postpone pleasure principle until satisfaction can be gained. Over time promotes growth of perception, memory, problem solving, thinking, reality testing.

Answer 253

the wishes of our ideal self. concious and ego ideal.

Answer 254

relieving anxiety between id and superego

Answer 255

repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement ,sublimation

Answer 256

ego forcing undersired thoughts into the unconcious

Answer 257

Deliberate concious form of forgetting

Answer 258

Reversion of an earlier mental state, with stress one may revert to old behaviors.

Answer 259

Do the opposite of the feelings. eg. celebrity crush example

Answer 260

prject what youfeel onto others

Answer 261

Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

Answer 262

Transference of undesired urge from one person or object to another. Eg. angry at boss may snap at spouse.

Answer 263

TRansform socially unacceptible behaviors to socially accpetible ones.

Answer 264

powerful system shared among all humans considered to be residue from our ancestors.

Answer 265

Mask worn in public, Carl Jung's archetype. Adaptive to social interactions. Anima (fem) animus (masc.)

Answer 266

responsible for bad and socially bad thoughts feelings and actions

Answer 267

Point of intersection between collective unconsious, personal conscious and conscious mind.

Answer 268

introvert vs extrovert Sensing (obtaining objective info) vs intuiting (abstractly networking inside) Thinking (uisng logic and reason) vs feeling (using value system of personal beliefs) Judging vs perceiving (preferring spontaneity)

Answer 269

focus on value of people rather than "sick" individuals. emphasized internal feelings as they strive towards happiness and self actualization. Maslow: hierarchy of needs (earlier cue card) eg love, food etc. Rodgers: Unconditional positive regard

Answer 270

profound and deeply moving experiences, lasting effects

Answer 271

no traditional things like motivation and unconscious emotion, but rather a person whe is able to understand the variables of the environment. Not a victim.

Answer 272

non-directive, peopel can direct their own behavior, not slaves to unconscious or faulty learning. Hlep client reflect and make choices. Unconditional positive regard.

Answer 273

from trait perspective | Openness, Conscientiousness, extravesion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Answer 274

psychoticism (social devience), extraversion (tolerance for social interaction), neuroticism, then turned to the big 5.

Answer 275

cardinal trait, central trait, secondary trait

Answer 276

heavy influence of operant conditioning, personality just what we have been reinforced over time

Answer 277

not just how enviro influences us but how we interact with it

Answer 278

we put ourselves in places that our personalities like, our personalities determine how we interact with them.

Answer 279

personality is determined by how genes are expressed

Answer 280

biological, psychological, social components to an individual's disorder.

Answer 281

``` direct = treatment on individual indirect = increase social support ```

Answer 282

``` psychotic disorder characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances in content and form of thought perception and behavior. Positive symptons(behaviors added to normal): hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and behavor. Negative symtoms (absence of normal or desired behavior): disturbance of affect (emotion) and avolition. ```

Answer 283

false beliefs discordant with reality and not shared with others, IN THAT CULTURE, maintained despite strong evidence against.

Answer 284

contains at least one major depressive episode. | Sadness, sleep, loss of interest, loss of appetite, energy, guilt and suicidal thoughts.

Answer 285

a depressed mood either dysthymia or major depression for at least 2 yrs

Answer 286

Colloquial name for major depressive disorder with seasonal onset.

Answer 287

at least 1 manic episode

Answer 288

at least one hypomanic and one major depressive episode | catecholamine theory of depression - too little norepi and serotonin = depression, too much = mania

Answer 289

hypomanic and dysthymia

Answer 290

DIG FAST | Distractable, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness

Answer 291

constant disproportionate persistent worry

Answer 292

irrational fears of specific objects

Answer 293

Anxiety due to socialor performance situations

Answer 294

Fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

Answer 295

recurrent attacks of intense, overwhelming fear and sympathetic NS activity with no clear stimulus.

Answer 296

Obsessions (persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses) and compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment)

Answer 297

unrealistic negative evaluation of ones appearance or a specific body part.

Answer 298

Experience intrusion (recurrent reliving of events, flashbacks) , avoidance (of memories, people, places), negative (inability to remember key features of event, feeling sad, distancing) adn arousal symptoms (increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, recklessness).

Answer 299

inability to recall past experience. May involve dissociative fugue, a sudden change in location that can involve the assumption of a new identity.

Answer 300

Two or more personalities that take control of behavior | Usually from severe trauma in past

Answer 301

feelings of detachment from mind and body or environment

Answer 302

one somatic symptom, not necessarily related to a physical medical problem. Large devotion to it.

Answer 303

Experience trauma, begin having motor issues without underlying medical concern

Answer 304

consumed with thoughts of developing a serious medical condition.

Answer 305

Paranoid, Schizotypal, Schizoid personality disorders.

Answer 306

distrust of others and motives

Answer 307

odd or eccentric thinking, magical thinking, ideas of reference

Answer 308

Pervasive patterns of detachment from social relationships, restricted emotional range,

Answer 309

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

Answer 310

3x more in males, disregard for and violations of the rights of others. Many serial killers have this, lack of remorese, aggressiveness, 20-40% of prisons have this disorder.

Answer 311

2x more women Instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image. Identity disturbance with sexual identity, long term goals orvalues. Fear of abandonment. Self harm and suicide attempts common.

Answer 312

constant attention seeking behavior. Colourful clothing, dramatic, exceptionally extroverted. May also use seductive behavior to gain attention.

Answer 313

Grandiose, self importance, preoccupied with fantasies of success, in need of constant attention, interpersonal relationship disturbances, entitlement.

Answer 314

Avoidant, dependent, obessive-compulsive

Answer 315

extreme shyness and fear of rejection intense desire for social affection and acceptance but will see oneself as socially inept and is often isolated. stay in same job/relationships despite wanting to change.

Answer 316

need for assurance continuously | typically rely on one person to take action and make decisions

Answer 317

Inflexible, inability to discard, lack of desire to change, extreme stubbornness, no sense of humor, maintenance or careful routines. Ego syntonic, lifelong disorder.

Answer 318

Hypoxemia at birth genetics High marijuana use as a teen Excess dopamine in the brain

Answer 319

``` high glucose metabolism in amygdala hippocampal atrophy after long duration of the illness Abnormally high levels of cortisol Decreased norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine. Bipolar - Increased norepi ad serotonin Higher risk if parents Higher risk wiht multiple sclerosis ```

Answer 320

genetic component, chromosomes 1 and 14

Answer 321

Resting tremor, bradykinesia, masklike facies, cogwheel rigidity, shuffling gait. DEcreased dopamine production in substantia nigra, stops basal ganglia from working properly. (critical for movememt initiation)

Answer 322

Actions and behaviors of one individual surrounded by others.

Answer 323

Actions of two or more individuals

Answer 324

People perform better on simple tasks when others are around. People naturally exchibit a performance response when people are around.

Answer 325

Being in the presence of others will significantly raise arousal, which will aid in one's ability to perform the task. if it is one that is simple and we are familiar with it. It is hinder our ability if it is a difficult task or we are unfamiliar with it.

Answer 326

Individual's behavior can be dif when in a group of people. Eg. canucks riots. Even more so when masked or uniformed.

Answer 327

If it is a group of people no one steps up to help someone. Due to social etiquette, social cues. How well we know the individual or the group.

Answer 328

Tendency of individuals to put less effort in when in a group than when doing it individually. Physical or mental.

Answer 329

threat of social rejection causes conformity, but will experience internal conflict, and will then accept the norms of the group.

Answer 330

The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions. = internal state of discomfort, manifests in fear anxiety or anger and confusion, then will try to reduce the discomfort by changing or minimizing one of these thoughts.

Answer 331

Tendency towards making decisions as a groupthat are more extreme than the thoughts of the individual group members. CHoice shift occurs at the behavioral level of the group.

Answer 332

Tendency to make decisions based on the ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas. Indicative factors: illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalizayion, illusion of morality, pressure of conformity, excessive sterotyping, self-censorship, illusion of unamity, mindguards.

Answer 333

One culture begins to melt into another

Answer 334

Encouragement of multiple cultures within a commuity to enhance diversity

Answer 335

A group that distinguishes itself from the primary culture to which it belongs. Can also have counterculture.

Answer 336

Process of developing and spreading norms, customs and beliefs.

Answer 337

boundaries of acceptable behavior wthin society | some called folkways

Answer 338

Extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences

Answer 339

Any violation of norms, rules, expectations within a society

Answer 340

Individuals change behavior based on the requests of others, techniques for compliance include foot in the door, door in the face, lowball, thats not all.

Answer 341

Changing beliefs or behaviors in order to fit into a group or society Fear of rejection = normative conformity.

Answer 342

Change in behavior based on a commandfrom someone seen as an authority figure.

Answer 343

School, family, peers, religion, government, media, work, ethnic background, clubs/social groups

Answer 344

hanging with a bad cround, interactions with others, can cause deviant behavior.

Answer 345

deviance is a natural reaction to disconect between social goals and social structure.

Answer 346

Internalization = agreeing with group's ideas, identification you do not

Answer 347

focuses on the ways in which people think about others and how these ideas impact behavior

Answer 348

ABC Affective - feels towards something, emotional Behavioral - acts with respect to something Cognitive - the way an individual thinks about something Expression of pos or neg feelings towards person place or thing.

Answer 349

attitudes serve 4 functions, knowledge - adds stability, helps organize thoughts, allows us to predict how people will act ego expression - communicate and solidify our identity adaptation - socially accepted if attitudes are acceptable and ego defense - protect our self esteem and justidy actions

Answer 350

attitudes can be learned, taught, operant conditioning

Answer 351

part of elaboration likelihood model, these people scrutinize and analyze content of pursuasive information

Answer 352

focus on superficial details od persuasive info such as appearances, catchphrases and slogans.

Answer 353

people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing the behaviors of others. Direct observation, personal and environmental influencers.

Answer 354

Position in society used to classify individuals, ascribed = assigned, achieved = earned or master = primary identity

Answer 355

Set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certian statues

Answer 356

Two or more individuals with similar characteristics who share a sense of unity In group, outgroup, reference group, primary group and secondary group

Answer 357

observable pattern of social relationships between individuals or groups

Answer 358

Group with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals, exists outside of each individual's membership within organization

Answer 359

SYMLOG submission vs dominance friendliness vs unfriendliness Instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive

Answer 360

basic organization of society | previously kin and clans

Answer 361

charles darwin, facial expression, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, physiological changes.

Answer 362

unspoken rules that govern the display of emotion

Answer 363

Maintenance of the public imagethrough various strategies

Answer 364

individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience

Answer 365

Influenced by physical, social and psychologicla factors

Answer 366

An emotional bond to another person, usually refers to a child and caregiver Secure (predictable caregiver), avoidant(no response to distressed child), ambvalent (inconcistent), disorganzed.

Answer 367

more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions

Answer 368

emotiona;, esteem, material, informational, network

Answer 369

triats that make a potentil mate mroe attractive to the opposite sex

Answer 370

Development of trait to match preexisting prefernce that exists in the population.

Answer 371

positive feedback mechanism in which a particular trait that has no effect on survival becomes more and more exaggerated over time. Sexually desireable so it is passed on more.

Answer 372

Traits that signify overall good health and well-being of an organism, icreasing its attractiveness to mates. May or may not be genetic.

Answer 373

creation of mate pairs that when combined have complimentary genetics

Answer 374

ESS, when it is adopted by a given population ina specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising.

Answer 375

measure of an orgnaisms success in the population.

Answer 376

perception, target, situation

Answer 377

judgements about a specific aspect of an individual can be affected by one's overall impression of the individual.

Answer 378

good things happen to good, bad things happen to bad, karma, noble will be rewarded, evil punished.

Answer 379

Goos things happen to us because we are skilled etc, bad things happen to us because of external circumstances.

Answer 380

Infer the cause of other people's behavior | consistency cues, consesnsus cues, distinctiveness cues

Answer 381

Biased towards making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions.

Answer 382

Describes attributions made by observingthe intentional (especially unnextected) behaviors performed by another person

Answer 383

the phenominon of a sterotype creating and expectation of a particular group hich creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype.

Answer 384

A feeling of anxiety about confirming a negative stereotype

Answer 385

Irrationally based attitude prior to actual experience

Answer 386

the practice of making judgements about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture (in group vs out group_

Answer 387

Paternalistic, admiration, envious, contemptuous

Answer 388

Focuses on the function an relationships of each component of society

Answer 389

Focuses on how power differentials are created and how they maintain order.

Answer 390

The study of how individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols

Answer 391

Explores how individuals and groups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality.

Answer 392

Physical items one associates with a given group (art clothing foods buildings)

Answer 393

Ideas associated with a cultural group

Answer 394

Statistical arm of sociology

Answer 395

Refers to the movement of people into (immigration) or out of (emigration) on a geographical location.

Answer 396

Model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as a result of industrialization

Answer 397

manifest is intended, latent is other positive benefits from the intended one.

Answer 398

karl marx, how power differentials are created and ho these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order, and how it leads to dominance of a particular group.

Answer 399

well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture.

Answer 400

Strict adherence to religious code

Answer 401

free market and laissez-faire, division of labor, specialization and efficiency. Socialism treats alrge industries as collective shared businesses, compensation provided for the work contribution of each individual.

Answer 402

Physician has a responsability to act in the patient's best interest

Answer 403

DO no harm, avoid treatments or itnerventions in which the potential for harm outweights the potential for nenefit

Answer 404

The physician has a responsability to respect patient' decisions and choices about their own healthcare. there are exceptions.

Answer 405

Physician has responsability to treat similar patients with similar care and distribute healthcare resources fairly.

Answer 406

Education, family, religion, government, economy, medicine

Answer 407

Sex is biologiclaly determines, XX or XY or something between. Gender is behaviourla cultural and psychological traits

Answer 408

Interplay between various demographic factors leading to discrimination or opression. eg visually ethnic, they are also an immigrant.

Answer 409

on population pyramid, when one sex has a larger populaition than the other.

Answer 410

Children per woman per lifetime

Answer 411

children per 1000 people per year

Answer 412

Deaths per 1000 people per year

Answer 413

immigration rate minus emigration rate

Answer 414

specific type of demographic shift in a developing country to a developed country. Has 4 stages. Stage 1 is birth and death rates high stage 2 is improvements in ehalthcare, nutrition, sanitation, wages and death rates drop stage 3 is when improvements in contraceptin, womens rights, and agricultural to industrial economy and children being supported longer causes birth rates to drop Stage 4 is when birth and death rates are low

Answer 415

process of integrating global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets

Answer 416

refers to the densification of certian areas, creates a pull fo rmigration Ghettoes occur with certain ethnic groups due to social or economic inequities.

Answer 417

category of people wish shared socioeconomic characteristics

Answer 418

the capacity to influence people through real of perceived rewards and punishments

Answer 419

The investment people make in society in return for economic or colelctive rewards

Answer 420

The passing on of social inequality especially in poverty to other generations

Answer 421

the burden or degree of illness associated with a certain disease

Answer 422

the deaths casued by a given disease

Answer 423

changes between classes due to economic and occupational structure allowing for different jobs and education. Can be horizontal or upwards/downwards.

Answer 424

Intellectual talent and achievement allow for advancement on social ladder. However, lessening of opportunities makes this less available to all and turns into plutocracy.

Answer 425

Absolute = socioeconomic condition which people do not have enough money or resources to maintain a quality of living that includes basic life necessities, eg. shelter, food, clothing, water. Relative is relative poverty to the other people living in the country larger population.

Answer 426

social stratification across territories and their populations. helps highlight social inequalities

Answer 427

When a previously urban decayed area can experience urban renewal when upper and middle class populations begin to purchase and renovate neighbourhoods in deteriorated areas, replacing lower SES populations.

Answer 428

Number of new cases of an illness per population at risk in a given amount of time

Answer 429

Number of cases of an illness overall, new or chronic, per population in total given an amount of time.

Answer 430

geography and social and economic factors affect health. Exacerbation of health issues caused by social injustice.

Answer 431

The less social capital (reduced network equality and equality of opportunity) the more social inequality. This decreases social cohesion.

Answer 432

Neurons become more and more specific/selective the father into the association cortex. Retinal neurons respond to spots of light. Neurons in primary visual cortex respond to bars of light. Neurons in the first stages of the visual association cortex respond only to moving bars of light. Neurons in the later stages of the visual association cortex respond to complex patterns, including hand-shaped and face-shaped patterns, which are very important stimuli to monkeys.

Answer 433

decrease in response to a stimulus over time

Answer 434

Stimulus and sensation are two interdependent factors that affect perception. The analysis of the relationship between stimulus and sensation is called psychophysics.

Answer 435

detection of dissolved compounds by taste buds in papillae, five modalities: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory). Sweet, savory, and bitter tastes are triggered by the binding of molecules to G protein-coupled receptors on the cell membranes of taste buds. Saltiness and sourness are perceived when alkali metal or hydrogen ions enter taste buds, respectively.

Answer 436

Chemicals given off by animals that have an effect on social, foraging, secual behavior in other members.

Answer 437

the ability to attend to multiple stimuli simultaneouly and to perform multiple tasksa at the same time

Answer 438

difficulty in satifying requirements or expectations among various roles.

Answer 439

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity and the re-establishment of an identity in a new role that takes into account one's ex-role.

Answer 440

the stress or strain experienced by an individual when incompatible behavior, expectations, or obligations are associated with a single social role.

Answer 441

Rational system for political, administration, discipline and control. Hierarchy of authority Impersonality Written wrules of conduct Promotion based on achievement Specialized division of labor Efficiency a system of government where non-elect government officials make the decisions

Answer 442

democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being rules by an elite group. (training, schoolin, not accessible)Ultimately places power in hands of key few leaders.

Answer 443

shift of focus to efficiency, predictability, calculatability, control in societies.

Answer 444

body language and verbal

Answer 445

Impression management = self presentation = how we act in order to influence how others perceive us

Answer 446

dramaturgical approach = using theater performance as an analogy to impression management front stage: when you’re being observed, you act to conform to society’s expectations back stage: when you’re by yourself, you can be yourself

Answer 447

Bees: waggle dance to communicate location of pollen Baring of teeth = aggression Birds: fluff up their feathers to look bigger and more intimidating

Answer 448

Popular belief is that girls are more emotional and they are also more sensitive to detect emotion. Research shows that society has particular expectations of how boys and girls express emotion.

Answer 449

``` individualistic cultures (Western): individualistic emotions predominate, such as pride and anger collectivist cultures (Asia, Africa): emotions that promote interconnectedness predominates, such as friendliness and shame ```

Answer 450

game theory = decision making. Decisions have a benefit-cost ratio. Pick the choice of action that has the most benefit-cost ratio.

Answer 451

The relationship between prejudice and discrimination: prejudice = pre-judge = you're judging someone based on their race before even getting to know them. Discrimination = action = you are prejudiced against a certain race and because of that, rejected them from med school.

Answer 452

How power, prestige, and class facilitate discrimination: power (ability to obtain goals), prestige (respect), and class (socioeconomic status) divides people into haves and have-nots. This leads to prejudice and discrimination.

Answer 453

``` microsociology = focuses on individual face-to-face, everyday social interactions macrosociology = focuses on populations, social systems and structure ```

Answer 454

exchange theory: relationships form from exchange/negotiation of goods/services rational choice theory: people make everyday decisions based on rational choice (weighing the costs, benefits, probabilities)

Answer 455

study of women (objectification, stereotyping, gender roles, experience, politics) in order to understand why there is gender inequality.

Answer 456

Hidden curriculum: what schools teach kids by accident. Eg: a rich-kids only school teaches kids the expectations and priviledges of being upper class.

Answer 457

a teacher's expectancy of a kid influences how that kid will perform. Eg: a teacher expects less from a minority student, lowers the bar for the kid, subsequently the kid did not develop his full potential.

Answer 458

poor areas have poor schools which have lower quality education

Answer 459

eg. Single parents, homosexual parents, step parents, grandparents, etc.

Answer 460

primary, secondary (grandparents and aunt/uncle), tertiary (my cousins)

Answer 461

marriage from a healthcare/legal standpoint makes your spouse your next-of-kin. If anything happens to you and you can no longer make decisions, your spouse have the legal authority to do so on your behalf.

Answer 462

religiousness = how religious you are

Answer 463

stabilizing, in alignment with government, mainstream religious teaching

Answer 464

splits off from the church to promote a more traditional/orthodox version of the religion

Answer 465

splits off from the church to promote a novel version of the religion. Usually led be charismatic leaders.

Answer 466

adoption of technology by society. Causes secularization.

Answer 467

religion loses influence on people

Answer 468

the capacity to influence people through the real or threatened use of reqards and punishments; often based on unequeal distribution of vlaued resources

Answer 469

Capitalism: private, profit-orientated

Answer 470

Socialism: state-owned, distribution of resources

Answer 471

Mixed-economy: mixture of capitalism and socialism

Answer 472

human conditions becoming disease entities that are then studied and treated under medicine

Answer 473

experiencing symptom -> assuming sick role -> seeking care -> establish doctor-patient relationship -> recovery

Answer 474

Rights: it's not your fault that you're sick, and while you're sick, you're exempt from work (your normal social role) Obligations: You should try to get well. You should see a doctor and cooperate/comply Issues with the sick role: pushing a sick role on someone who doesn't think so (homosexuality used to be considered a disease entity. Some patients wants to avoid the sick role due to stigmatization/HIV or because they want to continue to work). Sometimes we blame people it's their fault for being sick (obesity and lifestyle).

Answer 475

(e.g., beliefs, language, rituals, symbols, values): these elements make up culture, which is passed down to the next generation.

Answer 476

material culture (technology) changes faster than symbolic (beliefs, values). Eg: we can clone humans, but we feel it’s unethical to do so.

Answer 477

Assimilation = integrating into a different culture.

Answer 478

media that targets the masses. Often exaggerated and modified for effect. Has a heavy influence on pop culture. pop pulture = mainstream culture

Answer 479

people with culture have stronger attachments and communicate better, thus more fit.

Answer 480

modern technology means we’re no longer subject to the same selection pressures as animals. Eg: we have less body hair, we have smaller jaws, smaller muscle mass than our ancesterso

Answer 481

= vertical = passing culture down from generation to generation

Answer 482

= horizontal = spreading culture to other places. Eg: westernization of the world.

Answer 483

elderly = needs social security and medicare = taken care of by young workforce. Baby boomers = large aging population.

Answer 484

Declines with age, fluid and crystalized, time based prospective memory declines with age, keep doing daily activities.

Answer 485

race = your outward appearance. Ethnicity = the culture you identify with.

Answer 486

we classify people into races based on outward appearance.

Answer 487

we construct/form races to justify treating people differently. Eg: slavery, genocide, who to be friends with, etc.

Answer 488

race and ethnicity are different things that can overlap or be different. Eg: being Caucasian can mean you are Greek, French, Irish, etc. If you are Black, but you are born in France and lived your whole life there, you can also call yourself French.

Answer 489

immigration is increasing, most of which is from Mexico, Caribbean, and India

Answer 490

population grows exponentially and will eventually outgrow its resources. War, famine, disease bring the population back down to a sustainable level (positive checks). Population control (preventive checks) such as later marriage also keeps the population from outgrowing its resources.

Answer 491

changes in population makeup, including birth and death rates (demographic transition)

Answer 492

bottom heavy = population growth. Top heavy = population decline. Side skew = gender imbalance.

Answer 493

``` Push = why you want to leave this place = lack of jobs, natural disasters, descrimination, etc Pull = why you want to go to the other place = better paying jobs, promise of a better life, etc ```

Answer 494

``` Proactive = promote change Reactive = resist change ```

Answer 495

proponents: economic growth and development criticisms: colonialism, inequality, cultural assimilation

Answer 496

cultural assimilation, colonialism, inequality can cause civil unrest and terrorism.

Answer 497

poor neightborhoods (bad schools, high crime rate, poor healthcare, cheap housing) vs rich neighborhoods (good schools, low crime rate, good healthcare, expensive housing). Relocation is difficult both ways (poor people can't afford to relocate, rich people don't want to relocate), so segregation occurs

Answer 498

class consciousness = awareness of your class and the interests of your class as a whole. False consciousness = awareness of yourself and your interests only. The communist revolution is based on promoting class consciousness of the lower class

Answer 499

Cultural capital: knowledge, skills, education. Social capital: connections. Economic capital: money and property.

Answer 500

transmission of social inequalities from one generation to the next. Eg: poor families give birth to kids in poor neighborhoods, with less access to education and opportunities, and they grow up to be poor also.

Answer 501

inequalities in healthcare exists. The lower socioeconomic class has worse health than the upper class.

Answer 502

developed vs underdeveloped nations. These inequalities are reinforced by unfair trade practices in globalization.

Answer 503

intergenerational = changes from parent to kid. Intragenerational = changes within your life time.

Answer 504

advancing the socioeconomic ladder based on merit and achievement

Answer 505

excluding/blocking off someone or a group of people from society's opportunities, rights and resources that other groups have access to.

Answer 506

Class: lower class have poorer health in general. Gender: women live longer, but suffer more non-life-threatening illnesses (arthritis, fibromyalgia, depression). Men die younger, from accidents and serious illnesses (heart disease, cancer, COPD, diabetes). Men are also less likely to seek help and are less compliant. Race Whites: cystic fibrosis, skin cancer Blacks: sickle cell disease, sarcoidosis. Also more likely to have diabetes, stroke. They also develop hypertension earlier. Asians: stomach cancer (nitrates in food preservatives)

Answer 507

class: lower class have poorer access to healthcare and are more likely to be uninsured gender: women are more likely to seek help and see the doctor on a regular basis. LGBT are less likely to seek care due to fear of discrimination. race: blacks and Hispanics are less access to healthcare and have poorer healthcare outcomes.

Answer 508

describes how our brains work as machines that pay attention to and perceive our surroundings. Once this information has been processed it is stored in our brains so that it can be drawn upon later.

Answer 509

the development of one's ability to understand concepts and think reasonably for oneself.

Answer 510

over 60 = delayed reaction times and slowed speech because their information-processing capabilities have become slower. difficult for us to recall, but our ability to recognize is still mostly intact. time-based tasks become difficult. For example, it may be difficult for someone over the age of 60 to follow a weekly routine

Answer 511

ays a platform for social relationships to form, as well as serves as an environment to observe others' social interactions. The things we learn from what we observe in our environment shapes how we behave and think. Some people think in images, and some think in words. Studies have found that different languages lead to different ways of thinking and reasoning.

Answer 512

``` Processes that occur in the frontal lobe include organization and planning. The hippocampus, is responsible for forming new memories. The amygdala (and the rest of the limbic system) is also involved with cognition. Its job is to arouse the necessary emotions, causing alertness and motivation necessary to complete tasks. ```

Answer 513

heuristics ( the process of using cognitive shortcuts, formed by someone's previous experiences. A "rule of thumb" is an example of a heuristic.) trial and error, algorithms

Answer 514

confirmation biases, fixations

Answer 515

tendency to believe that something is more common or more likely to happen just because it is more readily obtainable in our memory. For example, if everyone in your household has the flu, and someone at work coughs, you may jump to the conclusion that they, too, have the flu.

Answer 516

we have a tendency to make judgments based on the probability of something happening based on our typical idea of a particular event. For example, we believe we will receive a cake rather than a salad when it is our birthday. This is because cakes are typically more representative of a birthday than a salad.

Answer 517

Intelligence is hard to measure; many of the tests administered to quantify intelligence have built-in bias, and have unavoidable confounding factors. For example, sometimes racial groups score differently from each other not because of their race, but because of different incomes and availability to different qualities of education. IQ Scores: The average score on an intelligence test is 100. The lowest end of the spectrum falls below 70 mark. At the high of the scale, there are people who score higher than 130.

Answer 518

Nature Intelligence- the ability to understand the biological aspects of the world. Linguistic Intelligence- the ability to write, read, and speak. Intrapersonal Intelligence- the ability to have insight; to understand one's inner self. Interpersonal Intelligence- the ability to understand and associate with other people. Mathematical Intelligence- the ability to perform in numbers (math). Spatial Intelligence- the ability to see and process the world (space) that surrounds you. Musical Intelligence- the ability to compose and/or perform musically. Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence- the ability to perform athletically (dance, sports, manual labor, etc.).

Answer 519

Experiential intelligence- (also known as creative intelligence) the ability to familiarize oneself with new circumstances and form new concepts. For example: If you move to a foreign country and you are able to learn the new language, you are exhibiting experiential intelligence. Componential intelligence- (also known as analytical intelligence) the traditional idea of intelligence. Includes ability to logically reason and think abstractly. Also includes the ability to communicate and think mathematically. This type of intelligence can be evaluated by standard tests of intelligence (e.g. IQ tests). Contextual intelligence- (also known as practical intelligence, or "street smarts") this is the ability to apply one's knowledge base to the world around them. Example: You have learned that UV rays from the sun can give you skin cancer, so when the sunlight becomes intense, you move to sit in the shade.

Answer 520

``` Reasoning Numerical ability Associative Memory Spatial visualization Word fluency Perceptual speed Verbal comprehension ```

Answer 521

: occurs during REM. If one does not sleep well enough to reach the REM stage, the individual will spend more time in REM the next time they sleep. This compensation is known as REM rebound According to Sigmund Freud called the "story" of our dreams (called manifest content) are symbolic of our unconscious ideas, called latent content The Activation-Synthesis Theory states that physiological processes happening in the brain create dreams

Answer 522

The hippocampus (located in the temporal lobe of the brain) receives sensory information from the cortex. There is also a pathway that leads back (from the hippocampus) to different areas of the primary cortex. This neural circuit is responsible for recording and linking associations with the memories we form. The serial position effect explains that we are least likely to remember the information in the middle of a list, and most likely to remember what was listed first and last. The primacy effect is a phenomenon in which we are more likely to recall information that was listed in the beginning (as opposed to information mentioned in the middle of a list. The recency effect explains that we are also more likely to recall information that was listed last

Answer 523

Semantic encoding involves encoding sensory information with specific relevance to the person (a phrase, word, image, event, etc.) that can be applied to a particular situation. This type of coding does not use sensory input such as sound, taste etc. Acoustic encoding involves encoding sounds (language, music, other sounds). We use our echoic memory to recall the auditory information that has been stored. Tactile encoding involves the use of our tactile senses. It is how we recall how something feels (physically). For example, we can remember silk feels smooth. Visual encoding involves the processing and encoding of images and other visual information (e.g. pictures, someone's face, a specific place). Before becoming a long-term memory, visual information is stored within our iconic memory (a type of memory specific to the storage of visual input).

Answer 524

Short-term memory begins, on average, to decline after the age of sixty. Some think this may occur because of a loss of neurons (due to aging). As we become older, we are much more likely to struggle with free recall (recalling information "out of the blue") than with recognition. Information that is important/meaningful, and information regarding a skill (e.g. how to ride a bike) is less likely to be forgotten. Information that has little importance to someone is much more likely to be forgotten.

Answer 525

A schema is the overall framework of how we remember something (structure and components of the situation, details, etc.). Schemas can skew information. An example of a schema skewing information: being asked to recall the doctor's examining room that you saw as a child. You may remember certain things that were there, but due to your idea of what a doctor's examining room should look like, you may remember things such as tongue depressors, cotton balls, alcohol, etc., regardless of whether or not they were actually there.

Answer 526

Memories are usually more accurate if the person can remember the source of their information. When the source of information is forgotten, this mistake is known as a source monitoring error

Answer 527

the use of a new cognitive process to carry out a task that previously depended on a cognitive process that used to be impaired. It is the process of the brain finding another way to accomplish something when the first (typical) method is ineffective.

Answer 528

the brain can adapt through the introduction of new inputs to an area of the brain that was previously lacking its main inputs.

Answer 529

information processing of a particular region of the brain can be heightened by frequent exposure to stimulus/ new information. For example, the area of the brain that deals with mathematics (inferior temporal gyrus) would become heightened after taking a calculus class.

Answer 530

if the brain suffers damage to particular regions, sometimes it can shift the responsibilities of that area of the brain to another, undamaged area. This adaption is most active during the early stages of development.

Answer 531

We are able to form reliable memories after the age of 3. Memories of events that happened before the age of 3 are unreliable, and are susceptible to a phenomenon known as infantile amnesia. As we age, our brain does not grow larger, but increases its interconnectivity between neurons. These connections between neurons are called synapses. These synapses are strengthened with use, especially when they are associated with strong emotions. Neural nets consist of neurons that are activated at the same time in response to a particular association. Neural nets are activation patterns that consist of synapses that represent groups of information stored in our memory.

Answer 532

Some believe that we are born with an innate biological platform for language development (Nativist). Others believe that linguistic development is dependent on usage and experience (Interactionist). Learned by 5, Universal Grammar,

Answer 533

It is thought that language can help broaden our understanding of the world. It enables us to share our thoughts and ideas. Speaking with one another can also expose us to new vocabulary and grammatical structure. Confounding factors include: environment, genetics, and culture.

Answer 534

this term refers to the way someone interprets any given event. This interpretation will determine how someone decides to feel, and later act.

Answer 535

cataclysmic (eg cannot predict, earthquake), personal (job, marriage, death), daily(traffic, bills)

Answer 536

A series of events are initiated by the hypothalamus occurs during stressful situations. It releases hormones that stimulate the pituitary glands, which then communicate with the adrenal glands to release cortisol. Cortisol is a hormone that causes the body to use fat as a source of energy (instead of glucose, as it usually would). Excessive exposure to high levels of cortisol can be detrimental to the immune system, as it prevents the activity of white blood cells.

Answer 537

Dopaminergic neurons are stimulated by dopamine (a neurotransmitter that affects mood -> affects behavior) Defective neurons can cause Parkinson's disease (impaired motor movements, loss of feeling) and Alzheimer's disease (changes in mood, impaired movement and memory)

Answer 538

Part of our personality encoded for in our genes, the rest is influenced by environmental factors. Our personality is largely defined by our temperament, or our nature (how "moody" we are). We are likely to think and behave like our parents, due to the inheritable factors of personality.

Answer 539

neurocognitive theory | dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about

Answer 540

trait = stable ad long term part of personality state = situationally dependent, short term personality characteristics This may explain behavior in certain situations

Answer 541

Biomedical approach- this approach looks at psychological disorders from a biological perspective, including factors such as genetics, brain structure, and brain chemistry.

Answer 542

this approach looks at psychological disorders from a sociological/cultural perspective including factors such as education, socioeconomic standards, and expectations held by peers.

Answer 543

brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) can be regenerated from neural stem cells. Regeneration of neural cells within the central nervous system can repair damage caused by degenerative diseases (e.g. Parkinson's Disease, Lou Gehrig's Disease).

Answer 544

ways to prevent anarchy informal control: unenforced social norms. Eg. You don't tell jokes at a funeral. formal control: stuff you can be prosecuted for. Such as vandalism.

Answer 545

punishment for not conforming to social norms. Eg. Shame and ridicule of the individual.

Answer 546

the lack or undermining of social norms. Eg. Individualism, social inequity, isolation.

Answer 547

norms from the least severe to most severe

Answer 548

reinforcement shapes a behavior. When the reinforcement no longer happens, the behavior relapses, it's called extinction.

Answer 549

Latent learning: passively soaking up knowledge Problem solving: step back, think, and come up with a solution Instincts: mother goose will protect her eggs. If you try to teach a goose to abandon eggs, it won't work because it goes against their instinct, this process is called instinctive drift.

Answer 550

vicarious emotion = feeling what other feel. Empathy = feeling an emotion that you share. Vicarious = feeling an emotion even if you don't share it. Eg: seeing someone skateboard, you're like wow that must be so fun, even though you never skateboarded before

Answer 551

Applications of observational learning to explain individual behavior: loving family makes someone a loving person. Abusive family makes someone an abusive person.

Answer 552

two extremes on how individuals respond to persuasion, most are somewhere in the middle (peripheral and cenral procesing models)

Answer 553

Changes in your behavior -> observed by others -> Changes attitude Message -> influences target -> affects attitude Social = environment -> influences individual attitudes

Answer 554

Imitation: we imitate role models, peers, especially those similar to us and those we identify with Looking-glass self: you're friends see you as funny. Your boss sees you as lazy. Your ex sees you as dumb. Your looking-glass self is a combination of all of these different perceived versions of you by other people. Role-taking: pretending to be or experimenting with other identities. Eg: play house, play doctor, etc.

Answer 555

cognitive level prejudce = prejudice based on rational thinking. Eg: racial profiling - if you observe that a certain race commits crimes more often, you will treat everyone of that race with prejudice.

Answer 556

Ethnocentrism = placing yourself at the center of the universe = judging others based on the assumption that your culture is superior / most correct Cultural relativism = no one's at the center, everything's relative = perceiving differences in others with an understanding that no one's more superior or inferior

MCAT Psych and soc terms Flashcards

(583 cards)