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MCAT Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

ADRESSINO

A

age, disability, religion, ethnicity, sexual, socioeconomic, indigenous, natural origin, gender

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2
Q

self concept/self identity

A

sum of individual’s knowledge and understanding of his or herself. Personal identity/social identity

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3
Q

principle of aggregation

A

attitudes are better at perdicting general patterns of behavior, but not specifics. i.e. anorexia will binge once in a while

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4
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

feel tension when we hold two beliefs that are incompatible or when attitudes and behaviors don’t match

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5
Q

foot-in-door phenomenon

A

consent to a small request makes people feel required to say yes to bigger ones

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6
Q

avoidant/dependent/obsessive/ compulsive

A

tense, anxious, over controlled

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7
Q

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

A

emotional, dramatic, attention-seeking, intense

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8
Q

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

A

irrational, withdrawn, cold, suspicious

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9
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

recurring feeling of being cut off from his/her body or mental processes

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10
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

less extreme, moods, but cyclical

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11
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

less extreme manic phases, cyclic moods. Hypomanic euphoric/imitable mood

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12
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

depression and mania, at least one manic/mixed episode. Mixed episode- both manic/depressive everyday

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13
Q

dypthymic disorder

A

less intense chronic depression

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14
Q

major depressive disorder

A

worse than usual for most of day every day for at elast 2 weeks also 5 extra symptoms

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15
Q

undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia

A

schizo criteria, basic criteria are met but symptoms don’t fit into other categories milder schizo= residual

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16
Q

catatonic type schizophrenia

A

weird behavior. Retarded or excited motor activity

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17
Q

disorganized schizophrenia

A

inappropriate affect. Disorganized speech or behavior

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18
Q

paranoid type schizophrenia

A

hallucinate/delusions. Negative symptom like catatonic behavior is not present.

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19
Q

primary reinforce

A

innately satisfying or desired. FOOD

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20
Q

instrumental/operant conditioning

A

reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior (SKINNER)

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21
Q

psychic energy

A

id (3 f’s), ego (mediator), superego (think, think, think)

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22
Q

dyssomnias

A

abnormality in amount, quality, time, sleeping

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23
Q

positive reinforcement

A

something is added or given

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24
Q

negative reinforcement

A

something is removed typically not liked (ZAP)

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25
Q

personality disorders

A

maladaptive patterns of behavior/cognition

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26
Q

Treisman’s attentuation model

A

the mind has an attenuator (volume knob), turns down sensory input

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27
Q

rationalist psych

A

certain ideas and capabilities are innate

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28
Q

brainstem

A

medula, pons, midbrain. Info to and from cerebellum and cerebrum

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29
Q

person-situation controversy

A

trait v state. internal, stable enduring parts of personality versus situational unstable, temporary variable part of personality

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30
Q

empirist psych

A

directly observable environmental factors over abstract mental shit

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31
Q

schuchter-singer theory

A

physiological arousal and situation= cognitive responds

i run from a bear= i am afraid

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32
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

physiology and behavior= your emotion. You are afraid BECAUSE you run from a bear. You are not afraid if you go mano a mano against the bear. Then the bear just kills you. Or turns you into a grizzled bear survivor in the frontier lands of “South Dakota”. Really, with that cinemetography? Come on, let’s be real. No one should have believed that was this wasteland….

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33
Q

recall

A

memory without any clues

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34
Q

recognition

A

memory with clues

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35
Q

priming

A

prior activation of nodes and associations

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36
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

can’t make new memories

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37
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

can’t recall old memories

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38
Q

proactive interference

A

previous info interferes with ability to recall new

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39
Q

schema

A

mental blueprint containing common aspects of parts of the world

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40
Q

misinformation effect

A

tendency to misremember

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41
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info interferes with recall of old information

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42
Q

libido

A

life instinct, says freud. UNCE UNCE UNCE

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43
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

personality is shaped by unconscious thought and feelings and memories

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44
Q

Harlow Monkey Experiments

A

contact and comfort is essential to psychological development (cloth verse cage mothers)

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45
Q

mood disorders

A

disturbance in mood/affect, manic/hypomanic. ex. major depressive, bipolar, dysthymic

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46
Q

anxiety disorders

A

excessive worry apprehension and fear. Physiological and psychological (genial enxiety, OCD, phobias)

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47
Q

substance related disorder

A

phsyical and mental dependance/ alcohol abuse drug

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48
Q

somatoform disorders

A

symptoms that can’t be explained by medical condition (hypochondriasis, body dismorphia, pain disorder)

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49
Q

sleep disorders

A

interruption in sleep patterns (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleepwalking)

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50
Q

neurocognitive disorders

A

cognitive decline in memory and cognition (alzheimers, dementia, amnesia)

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51
Q

eating disorders

A

disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical/mental health (anorexia, bulimia, pica)

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52
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disruptions in memory, awareness identity or perception (dissociative identity, dissociative amnesia)

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53
Q

psychotic disorders

A

general loss of contact with reality (Schizo, delusional)

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54
Q

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A

authority on classification and diagnosis of psych disorders

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55
Q

drive feedback

A

urge from physical discomfort

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56
Q

negative feedback

A

stability

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57
Q

social cognitive perspective

A

interaction between behavior, cognitive, and environmental factors

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58
Q

behaviors and perspective

A

deterministic, people begin as blank slates and become conditioned (ABC’s- antecedents and consequences of behaviors)

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59
Q

self-concept

A

person/childs conscious, subjective eprceptions and beliefs about himself

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60
Q

humanistic theory

A

healthy personality by nature. Actualizing tendency (Carl Rogers)

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61
Q

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Developmental Stages

A

1) trust v mistrust 2) autonomy v doubt 3) initiative v guilt 4) industry v. inferiority 5) identity v. role confuse 6) intimacy v. isolation 7) generativity v. stagnation 8) inreguity v. despair

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62
Q

implicit memory

A

procedural memory, motor skills and actions

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63
Q

explicit memory

A

explicit memory events you’ve experienced. Semantic memory is general knowledge

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64
Q

Long term memory

A

explicit (declarative memory) implicit (nondeclarative memory)

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65
Q

short term memory

A

lasts 20 seconds unless processed (hippocampus)

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66
Q

sensory memory (iconic)

A

brief and photographic (tenths of second)

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67
Q

sensory memory (echoic)

A

sound memory (3-4 seconds)

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68
Q

serial position effect

A

primacy effect 1st item on list, recency effect, last item on list

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69
Q

encoding

A

process of transferring sensory info to the memory system

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70
Q

parenting styles

A

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

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71
Q

Ainsworth infant experiments

A

securely attached infants vs. insecurely attached infants

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72
Q

behavioral genetics

A

study of role of inheritance in behavioral traits

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73
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

1) people choose environment it shapes them 2) personality shapes how people react to environment 3) person’s persoality influences situation

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74
Q

social cognitive theory

A

social factors observational learning and environment = influence person’s attitude

75
Q

elaboration likelihood model (2 types)

A

2 cognitive routes, central route- persuaded by content

peripheral route- superficial characteristics

76
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

explains when people will be influenced by content and when by superficial stuff

77
Q

observational learning

A

social. vicarious learning. Learn by watching and imitating others

78
Q

long term potentiation

A

neurons in a circuit have increased potential for firing = process of consolidation

79
Q

consolidation

A

process of converting short term memory into long term memory

80
Q

heuristics

A

mental short cuts

81
Q

availability heuristic

A

tendency to make judgements based on how readily available info is

82
Q

representative heuristic

A

tendency to judge likelihood by mental representation of events

83
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

non-REM. Theta waves, low-moderate intensity

84
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

complex- 1/2 second duration= single wave among thetas and recip spindles- burst of waves! 12 14 Hz

85
Q

stage 3 sleep

A

delta waves, high amp, low frequency (deep sleep)

86
Q

REM

A

REM sleep. Conscious, dreams, paralyzed muscles

87
Q

stage 4 sleep

A

SWS, slow wave sleep, deepest stage

88
Q

pineal gland

A

light sensitive proteins, makes melatonin

89
Q

manifest content v latent content

A

plot line of dream= symbolic of unconscious drives/wishes

90
Q

activation synthesis theory

A

dreams= byproducts of brain activation during REM

91
Q

nucleus accumbins

A

“persuasive center of brain. Release dopamine

92
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

people perform best when moderately aroused

93
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

emotion, phys. and cognition occur at same time and independently. I am afraid and run from bear at same time.

94
Q

parasomnias

A

abnormal behavior during sleep (sleepwalking)

95
Q

hypnotism theories

A

2 theories.
Dissociation- on autopilot/divide consciousness
Social influence- people do what’s expected

96
Q

Depressant neurochem

A

depress medulla, REM sleep. Stimulate GABA (1-neurotransmit) and dopamine is happy

97
Q

stimulants neurochem

A

caffeine. release neurotransmitters. lower uptake neurotransmitters on both. Dopamine, serotonin.

98
Q

hallucinogens neurochem

A

LSD, cannabinoid receptors, relax and disinhibits

99
Q

executive functions

A

higher order thinking processes= planning, organize behavior making decisions

100
Q

autonomic nervous systems

A

controls organs, gland, and level of arousal

answers to hypothalamus

101
Q

3 stress types

A
  1. Catastrophes 2. significant life changes 3. daily hassles
102
Q

cortisol releasing system

A

CRH to ACTH to the adrenal gland then cortisol!

103
Q

biofeedback

A

recording and feeding back info about autonomic responses to train involuntary responses

104
Q

B.F. Skinner’s model of language

A

(LAD) or universal grammar, innate ability to make grammatical distinctions

105
Q

materialist psych

A

ideas and language are a convenient metaphor for physical changes in brain and body. ONLY GRAY MATTER MATTERS

106
Q

linguistic relativity hypotheses

A

cognition and perception are determined by one’s language

107
Q

Broca’s area

A

area of brain process of speech production= know what to say, can’t communicate

108
Q

Wernecke’s area

A

comprehension of speech and written language. Damage can lead to speaking but making no sense. Most of what Spence-nug says

109
Q

nonassociative learning

A

habituation- learn to tune out a stimulus

sensitization- stimulus produces more exaggerated response

110
Q

dishabituation

A

habituated stimulus is removed, comeback, notice it again

111
Q

classical conditioning

A

Pavlov.
neutral stimulus
unconditioned stimulus (unconditioned response)
conditioned stimulus (NS + US= CR)
CR=UR but without the US! (get rid of step)

112
Q

classical conditioning- generalization and discrimination

A

generalization- other stimuli= same response

discrimination- only get response for the conditioned stimulus

113
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

neutral stimulus and primary reinforcers. i.e. ‘sit’ for dog and treat. word sit is secondary reinforcer

114
Q

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

unpredictable number of occurrences before reinforce= high response rate, like with gambling. Ratio is equal to the number of responses

115
Q

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

reinforce after set number of instances of behavior= high response. ratio = number of responses

116
Q

fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcement after set period of time. Interval= time

117
Q

insight learning

A

combine two behaviors in unique ways

118
Q

latent learning

A

learned but not expressed as observable behavior

119
Q

cognitive psychology

A

focus on brain- thoughts and effects on learning

120
Q

behaviorism psychology

A

behavior and consequences. Mind is a black box

121
Q

variable interval schedule

A

inconsistent amount of time and reinforcement = steady, efficient manner

122
Q

forebrain

A

diencephalon thalamus sensory hypothalamus lightning. Four Fs! hormones telencephalon cerebral cortex= 2 parts

123
Q

limbic system

A

controls emotional states. Conscious and unconscious portions of brain.

124
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla- connects to spinal cord relays info. Pons- connects brainstem and cerebellum. Cerebellum- little brain. movements and coordination

125
Q

midbrain

A

usual and auditory info. RAS= arousal/wakefulness

126
Q

frontal lobes

A

voluntary movement, complex reasoning, problem solving

127
Q

occipital lobe

A

process visual sensation

128
Q

parietal lobes

A

general sensations (touch, temp, pressure, vibration) taste!

129
Q

temporal lobes

A

auditory, olfactory. short term memory, language and emotion

130
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

131
Q

efferent neurons

A

go to effectors. CNS to PNS. give commands

132
Q

basal nuclei

A

regulate body movement/muscle tone. Coordination general rhythm

133
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons. PNS to CNS

134
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight. Short preganglionic axon. postganglionic long.

135
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest, pre- long, post- short

136
Q

cortex releases: glucocorticoids

A

like CORTISOL

137
Q

cortex releases: mineralcorticoids

A

like aldosterone

138
Q

ADRENAL MEDULLA: releases

A

epinephrine or adrenaline

139
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

“whole” whole is more than the sum of parts. Bottom up senses go to integrate in brain. Top down, experience leads to what the senses see.

140
Q

posterior pituitary

A

back. Axons from hypothalmus (like continuous) ADH vasopressin oxytocin

141
Q

anterior pituitary

A

front. Normal endocrine gland. Releases hormones after signal from hypothalamus

142
Q

broadbent Filter Model of Selective Attention

A

inputs from sensory world leads to sensory buffer based on physical characteristics which leads to processing and into working memory

143
Q

Alan Baddeley’s Model

A

working memory. See note card. I can’t make a nice visual on this and I have been typing so much I don’t really want to try. How are you Ellen? Do you want to play a game tonight? What should we make for supper? We should make wings! Though not tonight, we just had them. Unless you don’t do this until next week. Then we should make wings!

144
Q

Piaget’s 4 developmental stages

A

sensorimotor b-2 look and touch! Preoperational 2-7 symbols and images. Concrete operational 7-11 logical and concrete. Formal operational 12 to adult, abstract reasoning

145
Q

group polarization

A

groups tend to intensify the preexisting views of their members

146
Q

social loafing

A

tendency for people to exert less effort if evaluated as a group

147
Q

bystander effect

A

person is less likely to help if there are other bystanders

148
Q

deindividuation

A

mob mentality that can cause people to commit atrocious acts

149
Q

social facilitation effect

A

people perform simple tasks better when others are present

150
Q

reference group

A

standard measure people compare themselves to

151
Q

1 degree v. 2 degree group

A

small important and emotional. Large and interpersonal

152
Q

category

A

people who share characteristics but not otherwise tied together

153
Q

aggregate

A

people who exist in same space but don’t shall common sense of identity

154
Q

cultural relativism

A

fridging (judging) another culture based on its own standards

155
Q

ethnocentrism

A

tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

156
Q

stereotype threat

A

self-fulfilling fear one will be evaluated on a negative stereotype

157
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

behaviors that affirm the original stereotype

158
Q

illusory correlation

A

association between group of people and characteristic based on unique cases

159
Q

racism

A

prejudices and actions that discriminate based on race or hold one race inferior to another

160
Q

discrimination

A

acting a certain way toward a group

161
Q

prejudice

A

thoughts, attitudes and feelings someone holds about a group that aren’t based on actual experience

162
Q

projection bias

A

we assume others have the same beliefs we do

163
Q

just world phenomenon

A

world is fair, people get what they deserve. Bad things are deserved by others. Good things are deserved by us

164
Q

optimism bias

A

bad things happen to other people, but not us!

165
Q

self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute successes to ourselves and our failures to others and external environment

166
Q

fundamental attribution error (action-observer bias)

A

underestimate situation, overestimate personality, we assume people are how they act.

167
Q

3 factors that help attribute behavior to internal or external causes

A

consistency, distinctiveness, consensus

168
Q

attribution theory

A

attempts to explain how individuals view behavior. 2 kinds: dispositional, situational

169
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A 
stage 1- obedience/punishment 
stage 2- self- interest
stage 3- interpersonal and conformity
stage 4- social order must be maintained
stage 5- social contract orientation
stage 6- universal ethical principles
170
Q

subculture

A

segment of society with distinct patterns of tradition and values

171
Q

multiculturalism (pluralism)

A

cultures come together. Melt in da pot.

172
Q

amnegamation (amalgamation)

A

majority and minorities combine to form a new group

173
Q

assimilation

A

individual forsakes own culture to adopt and different culture

174
Q

agents of socialization

A
  1. family
  2. school
  3. peer groups
  4. workplace
  5. religion/government
  6. mass media/technology
175
Q

folkways

A

less important norms but shape everyday behavior

176
Q

mores

A

norms that are important and strictly inforced

177
Q

sanctions

A

rewards/punishments for behaviors that are in accord with or against norms

178
Q

norms

A

spoken or unspoken rules or expectations for behavior of members.
formal norm- written down
informal norm- less precise, no punishment

179
Q

socialization

A

process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

180
Q

“I”

A

self as subject.

response of individual to attitudes of others

181
Q

“me”

A

self as object.

social self- how the individual believes the generalized other perceives it

182
Q

social behaviorism

A

George H. Mead

The mind and self emerge through process of communication with others

183
Q

looking glass self

A

person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society- perceptions of others

184
Q

influences on self-concept

A

1) self efficacy- belief in competence and effectiveness
2) locus of control (internal and external)
3) self-esteem

MCAT Psych (1 decks)

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