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MCAT Bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functions of kidneys

A

excretion of hydrophilic wastes, maintenance of constant solute concentration and constant ph, maintenance of constant fluid volume

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2
Q

three processes of the kidneys

A

filtration, selective reabsorption, secretion

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3
Q

blood enters the kidney from a

A

renal artery

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4
Q

purified blood from the kidney is returned to the circ system by the

A

renal vein

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5
Q

collecting duct dumps urine into

A

renal pelvis

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6
Q

blood plasma leaks out of the glomerular capillaries into ______ and enters _____

A

glomerular basement membrane, bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

peritublar capillaries drain into

A

venules that lead back to the renal vein

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8
Q

function of peritubular capillaries

A

return selectively absorbed substances to the blood stream

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9
Q

where does most of solute reabsorption occur in the nephron

A

PCT VIA SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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10
Q

where does most of water reabsorption occur in the nephron

A

PCT

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11
Q

selective reabsorption in the DCT is more ____ than the PCT, usually via _____

A

regulated, hormones

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12
Q

how much glucose is reabsorbed by epithelial cells of tubules

A

100%

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13
Q

secretion is usually via what kind of transport

A

active

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14
Q

most secretion takes place in

A

DCT and collecting duct

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15
Q

where does urine concentration and dilution take place

A

distal nephron: DCT and collecting duct

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16
Q

urine concentration and dilution is regulated by

A

ADH and aldo

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17
Q

where is ADH released from

A

post pit

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18
Q

under what conditions is ADH released

A

low blood volume and high blood osmolarity (or a drop in bp)

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19
Q

effect of ADH

A

increases water reabsorption in distal nephron by making the collecting duct permeable to water

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20
Q

why does alcohol cause people to diurese

A

it inhibits adh secretion by post pit

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21
Q

when is aldo released

A

when bp is low (also low blood osmolarity, low blood volume, and angio II)

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22
Q

where is aldo released from

A

adrenal cortex

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23
Q

effect of aldo

A

increased reabsorption of Na and K by the distal nephron, which increases plasma osmolarity, which leads to increased thirst and water retention, which raises bp

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24
Q

descending loop of henle is thick or thin

A

thin

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25
Q

thin portions of the tubule are composed of

A

squamous epithelial cells (not metabolically active)

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26
Q

thick portions of tubule are composed of

A

cuboidal epithelial cells (active transport)

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27
Q

descending limb of loop of henle is permeable to

A

water

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28
Q

collecting duct secretes

A

k and h

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29
Q

thick ascending loop of henle

A

actively transports Na, K, and cl out of filtrate, passive return of K to filtrate

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30
Q

thick ascending loop of henle permeable to

A

ions

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31
Q

counter current multiplier causes

A

medulla to be very salty which facilitates water reabsorption from the collecting duct. this is how the kidney is capable of making urine with a much higher osmolarity than plasma

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32
Q

vasa recta function

A

return reabsorbed water to the bloodstream

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33
Q

JGA is

A

a specialized contact point between the afferent arteriole and the distal tubule

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34
Q

at the JGA, cells in the afferent arteriole are called

A

JG cells

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35
Q

at the JGA, cells in the distal tubule are called

A

macula densa

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36
Q

macula densa

A

the cells in the distal tubule at the JGA

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37
Q

JG cells are

A

baroreceptors

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38
Q

renin is secreted from

A

JG cells

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39
Q

when is renin secreted

A

when there is decrease in bp

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40
Q

function of renin

A

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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41
Q

angiotensinogen is made in

A

liver

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42
Q

angiotensin II

A

vasoconstrictor that immediately raises bp and stimulates release of aldo

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43
Q

cells of macula densa are

A

chemoreceptors

44
Q

function of macula densa cells

A

monitor filtrate osmolarity in the distal tubule. when filtrate osmolarity decreases (indicating a reduced filtration rate), the cells of the macula densa stimulate the JG cells to release renin. the macula densa also cause a direct dilation of the afferent arteriole, increasing blood flow to (and then bp and filtration rate in) the glomerulus

45
Q

decreased filtrate osmolarity indicates

A

decreased filtration rate

46
Q

carbonic anhydrase is found in (kidney)

A

epithelial cells throughout the nephron except the squamous cells of the thin loop of henle

47
Q

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes

A

co2 into carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarb and H

48
Q

what type of hormone is aldo

A

steroid

49
Q

moa aldo

A

increasing synthesis of na/k-atpase in distal nephron

50
Q

where is calcitonin made

A

c cells (thyroid gland)

51
Q

c cells secrete calcitonin when

A

serum ca is too high

52
Q

calcitonin causes

A

ca to be removed from the blood by deposition in the bone, reduced absorption by the gut, and excretion in the urine

53
Q

pth released when

A

serum ca is too low

54
Q

pth causes

A

ca to be secreted into blood by increased absorption by the gut and increased reabsorption in the kidneys

55
Q

EPO causes

A

increased synthesis of RBC in bone marrow

56
Q

when is EPO released

A

when blood o2 content falls

57
Q

pancreatic lipase breaks down

A

1 triglyceride and 2 water into 2 fatty acids and 1 monoglyceride

58
Q

ptyalin breaks down

A

polysaccharides into di

59
Q

pancreatic amylase breaks down

A

polysaccharides into di

60
Q

what enzymes breakdown disaccharides into mono

A

brush border disaccharidases

61
Q

what breaks down polypeptides into dipeptides and tripeptides

A

gastric acidity, pepsin, pancreatic proteases

62
Q

what breaks down dipeptides and tripeptides

A

brush border peptidases

63
Q

gi tract is derived from the cavity produced by _____ during embryogenesis

A

gastrulation

64
Q

anus is derived from

A

blastopore

65
Q

innermost lining of the lumen is composed of

A

epithelial cells

66
Q

the surface of the epithelial cell which faces into the lumen is the

A

apical surface

67
Q

epithelial cells are attached to a

A

basement membrane

68
Q

the apical surface is separated from the remainder of the cell surface by

A

tight junctions

69
Q

serosa

A

connective tissue

70
Q

mucosa

A

epithelial tissue

71
Q

submucosa

A

connective tissue

72
Q

circular muscularis

A

smooth muscle

73
Q

longitudinal muscularis

A

smooth muscle

74
Q

gi smooth muscle exhibits

A

automaticity

75
Q

gi muscle is

A

functional syncytium

76
Q

function syncytium

A

when one cell has an ap the impulse spreads to neighboring cells

77
Q

heterochromatin

A

densely packed

78
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely packed

79
Q

gram positive

A

stain strongly, one thick peptidoglycan layer outside of the cell membrane

80
Q

gram negative

A

stain lightly, thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall AND an additional outer layer containing lipopolysaccharide

81
Q

nucleus function

A

contain and protect dna, transcription, partial assembly of ribosomes

82
Q

mitochondria function

A

produce atp via krebs and ox phos

83
Q

RER

A

localization of synthesis/modification of secretory, membrane-bound, and organelle proteins

84
Q

SER

A

detoxification and glycogen breakdown in liver, steroid synthesis in gonads

85
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modification and sorting of proteins, some synthesis

86
Q

free ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins that go to peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus, or cytoplasm

87
Q

lysosomes

A

contain acid hydrolases that digest various substances

88
Q

peroxisomes

A

metabolize lipids and toxins using h2o2

89
Q

NTM of rods and cones

A

glutamate

90
Q

upon absorption of photon, photoreceptors

A

release LESS glutamate (hyperpolarize)

91
Q

in the dark, photoreceptors

A

release glutamate (depolarize)

92
Q

off-center cells response to glutamate

A

depolarization (stimulated) SIGN CONSERVING

93
Q

on-center cells response to glutamate

A

hyperpolarized (inhibited) sign reversing

94
Q

upon absorbing a photon of light, retinal

A

is converted to all trans form which closes Na channel and cell hyperpolarizes

95
Q

tonic receptors

A

fire APs as long as stimulus continues (subject to adaptation)

96
Q

phasic receptors

A

only fire APs when the stimulus begins (important for communicating changes in stimuli)

97
Q

+ RNA viruses

A

must encode RNA dependent RNA pol

98
Q

RNA dependent RNA pol

A

copies RNA genome for viral replication (host never makes RNA from RNA)

99
Q

+ RNA viruses can cause

A

common cold, polio, and rubella

100
Q
  • RNA viruses
A

must carry RNA dependent RNA pol

101
Q

genome of a -RNA virus is

A

complementary to the piece of RNA that encodes viral proteins (the genome of a -RNA virus is the template for viral mRNA production)

102
Q

retroviruses

A

must encode reverse transcriptase (these are +RNA viruses that undergo lysogeny.. in order to integrate into our dsDNA genome, a viral genome must also be composed of dsDNA and must undergo reverse transcription to make DNA from an RNA template)

103
Q

reverse transcriptase is also called

A

RNA dependent DNA pol

104
Q

double stranded DNA viruses

A

often encode enzymes required for dNTP synthesis and dna replication (the host cell only makes dNTPs in preparation for replication. if the virus wants to reproduce without waiting for the host to do so, it must encode its own enzymes for the synthesis of DNA building blocks. note that rna viruses don’t do this because transcription is always occurring in all cells so NTPs are always present)

105
Q

what is a factor likely to limit the size of RNA genomes

A

the error rate in rna synthesis is higher than dna synthesis (no mechs to proofread and correct errors in RNA synthesis). if the rna genome were too large, every copy of the viral genome synthesized would suffer from so many errors that no infectious viruses would be produced)

MCAT Bio (1 decks)

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