MCAT Flashcards
Average Speed
∆x/∆t
m/s
Average Velocity
∆d/∆t
m/s
Acceleration
∆v/∆t
m/s^2
Newton’s second law
F=ma
1 N=1 kg*m/s^2
Static Friction
F(f)=μ(s)F(n)
1 N=1 kg*m/s^2
Kinetic Friction
F(f)=μ(k)F(n)
1 N=1 kg*m/s^2
Force of Gravity acting perpendicular to an inclined plane
mgcosθ
1 N= 1kg*m/s^2
Force of gravity acting parallel to an inclined plane
mgsinθ
1 N= 1kg*m/s^2
Torque
τ = rFsinθ
N * m
Work
W = Fdcosθ
1 Joule= N*m
Work (pressure-volume curve)
W = P∆V
Joules
Center Of Mass
x = (m1x1 + m2x2 + m3x3)/(m1 + m!2+ m3)
Mechanical Advantage
MA=F(out)/F(in)
Newtons
Power
P=W/t or ∆E/t
1 watt (W)= Joule/s
Power
P=Fv
1 Watt
Kinetic Energy
KE=1/2mv^2
Joule= kg(m^2)/(s^2)
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
W=∆KE = K(f) − K(i)
Joule= kg*(m^2)/(s^2)
Gravitational Potential Energy
U=mgh
Joule
Elastic Potential Energy
Elastic potential energy is directly proportional to the square of the change in length and the spring constant
U=1/2*k(x^2)
Joule
Hooke’s Law
The magnitude of the force required to change the length of a spring-like object is directly proportional to the spring constant and the displacement of the spring
F=-kx
Newton
Frequency of a wave
f=1/T
1/s=Hz
speed of wave
v=fλ m/s
Density
ρ = m/V
g/(cm^3)
Specific gravity
ρ(object)/ρ(water)
g/(cm^3)
Buoyant Force
F(b)=mg=ρ(fluid)Vg
Newton
Pascal’s Law
F1/A1=F2/A2
Pascal’s Law
P=F/A
Pascal (Pa)=N/(m^2)
Hydrostatic Pressure
P=P(o)+ρgh
Pascals
Poiseuille’s Law
The law that the velocity of a liquid flowing through a capillary is directly proportional to the pressure of the liquid and the fourth power of the radius of the capillary and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid and the length of the capillary.
Q=(π(r^4)∆P)/(8ηL)
flow rate
Continuity Equation
A1v1=A2v2
Bernoulli’s Equation
P(1)+(1/2)ρ(v(1)^2)+ρgh(1)=P(2)+(1/2)ρ(v(2)^2)+ρgh(2) or
P(1)+(1/2)ρ(v(1)^2)+ρgh(1)=a constant
Absolute Temperature
K=Degrees Celsius +273
Pressure
P=F/A
Ideal Gas Law
PV=nRT
Boyle’s Law
P(1)V(1)=P(2)V(2)
Charles Law
V1/T1=V2/T2
Avogadro’s Law
n1/V1=n2/V2
Avg Kinetic energy of a gas particle
KE(avg)=(3/2)k(b)T
Joules
Heat capacity at constant volume for an ideal monoatomic gas
C(v)=(3/2)nR
J/K
Heat Capacity at constant pressure for an ideal monoatomic gas
C(p)=(5/2)nR
J/K
Van Der Waals Equation of State
P=(nRT)/(V-nb)-(n^2*a)/(V^2)
Dalton’s Law of Partial pressures
P(A)=X(A)*P(T)
P=P1+P2+P3…
Heat transferred
q=mc∆T
1 cal/(g*K)=4.184 J/(gK)
Standard Heat of Reation
Sum of change in Heat of products minus Sum of change in heat of reactants
OR
Sum of change in heat of bonds broken minus sum of change in heat of bonds formed
Change in Gibbs Free Energy
∆G = ∆H − T∆S
kJ/mol
Linear Expansion (solids)
∆L = αL∆T
Volumetric Expansion (solids and liquids)
∆V = βV∆T
Sound Level
β = 10log(I/I(o))
dB
Sound Level Change
β(f) = B(i)+10log(I(f)/I(i))
dB
Intensity
I=P/A
W/(m^2)
Waves in open pipes
λ = 2L/n
f=v/λ=nv/2L
Waves in Closed Pipes
λ = 4L/n
f=v/λ=nv/4L
Speed of light
c=fλ
c=m/s
Energy of a photon
E=hf
Law of Reflection
θ1=θ2
Index of Refraction
n=c/v
Snell’s Law
n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass,
Critical Angle
θ(c)=sin^-1*(n2/n1)
Optics equation
1/f=1/o+1/i+2/r
Magnification
h(i)/h(o) or -d(i)/d(o)
Lens Power
P=1/f
diopters
Focal Length of lenses in a series
1/f=1/f1+1/f2+1/f3…
Power of lenses in a series
P=P1+P2+P3…
diopters
Magnification for a system of lenses
m=m1m2m3…
Coulomb’s law
F(e)=(kq1*q2)/(r^2)
Newtons
Electric Field
E=F(e)/q=(kQ^2)/(r^2)
E=N/C or V/m
Electric Potential Energy
U=(kq1q2)/r
Joules
Electrical Potential
V=U/q=(kQ)/r
1 V=1J/C
PotientialDiff of uniform electric field
V=Ed
W=Vq
Voltage (potential difference)
∆V = Vf − Vi=W(if)/q
Volts
Power
P=VI
Watts
Power
V^2/R
Watts
Power
P=I^2*R
Watts
ElectricalCurrent
I=Q/t
1 Amp=1C/s
Ohm’s Law
V=IR
Resistors in series
R=R1+R2+R3…
Ohms(Ω)
Resistors in Parallel
(1/R)=(1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/R3)…
Ohms(Ω)
Resistivity
ρ=(RA)/L
Ohm-meter (Ωm)
Energy of Charged Capacitor
U=Q^2/C=(1/2)Q∆V=(1/2)C(∆V^2)
Capacitors in Series
1/C=(1/C1)+(1/C2)+(1/C3)…
F=farad
Capacitors in Parallel
C=C1+C2+C3…
F=farad
Magnetic Force
F(B)=qvBsinθ
1 T=1(Ns)/(mC)
Lorentz Force
F=qE+vBsinθ
Maximum number of Electrons in a shell
2n^2
Kinetic energy of a photoelectron
hf− φ
eV
Formal Charge
FC=Valence (e-)-Non bonding (e-)-(1/2)Bonding (e-)
Dipole moment
p=qd
p=Cm
Specific Rotation
α = (α(obs))/(c*l)
Degrees
Electrodeposition Equation
mol M=(It)/(nF)
Cell potential
cell potential= redox potential - oxidation potential
Rate law
Rate=k[A]^x[B]^y
Arrhenius Equation
k=Ae^(-E(a))/RT)
Law of mass action
k=([C]^c[D]^d)/[A]^a[B]^b
Wavenumber
1/λ
cm^-1
Autoionization of water
Kw=[H3O+]*[OH-]=10^-14
pH
-log[H+]
pOH
-log[OH-]
Acid Dissociation Constant
Ka=([H3O+]*[A-])/[HA]
Base Dissociation Constant
Kb=([B+]*[OH-])/[BOH]
pKa
-logKa
pKb
-logKb
Henderson Hassel Balch Equation
pH=pKa+log([conj. base]/[acid])
Point of Inflection
pH=pKa or 14-pKb
Solubility Product Constant
for AmBn;
K(sp)=[A^n+]^m[B^m-]^n
Retardation factor
R(f)= distance spot moved/distance solvent front moved
Henry’s Law
[A]=K(H)*P(A)
Electrophoresis (migration velocity of a molec)
V=Ez/f
Hardy Weinberg Equation
p+q=1 or
p^2+2pq+q^2=1
Michaelis-Menten
v=(v(max)[S])/(K(m)+[S])
Nernst Equation
E(cell)=E(cell)-(RT/nF)ln(Q)
Osmotic Pressure
Π = iMRT
Osmotic pressure is defined as the minimum pressure applied to a solution to stop the flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane.
Acceleration of gravity on earth
9.81m/s^2
Density of water
1 g/mL
Coulombs constant
k=8.9910^9 Nm^2/C^2
Charge of an electron vs proton
e-= -1.610^-19 C
proton=+1.610^-19 C
Speed of sound
343 m/s
Speed of light
3*10^8 m/s
