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EXCI 259 final > McArdle ch.12 > Flashcards

McArdle ch.12 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation?

A

the process by which air is moved into the lungs

Air enters the nose and mouth 
    >trachea and adjusts to body 
    temperature, is filtered and 
    humidified >two bronchi>
    bronchioles >alveoli
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2
Q

what is external respiration?

A

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

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3
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

the exchange of gases at the cellular level

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4
Q

what is cellular respiration>

A

the utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy

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5
Q

what is the ventilatory system subdivided into?

A

Conducting zones: Trachea and terminal bronchioles

Transitional and respiratory zones: Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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6
Q

what are conducting zones?

A

:Trachea and terminal bronchioles

  • Considered anatomic dead space
  • Functions: Air transport, humidification, warming, particle filtration, vocalization, immunoglobulin secretion
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7
Q

what are transitional and respiratory zones?

A

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
-Functions: Gas exchange, surfactant production, molecule activation and inactivation, blood clotting regulation, and endocrine function

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8
Q

what do the lungs do?

A

Provide the gas exchange surface that separates blood from the surrounding alveolar gaseous environment

Oxygen transfers from alveolar air into alveolar capillary blood while the blood’s carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli and then into ambient air

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9
Q

Oxygen transfers from ___into ___ blood while the blood’s carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli and then into ambient air

A

alveolar air into alveolar capillary blood

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10
Q

what is the average sized adults lung?(weight and volume)

A

weigh approximately 1 kg, and

has a volume of 4-6 L

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11
Q

what is the average sized adults lung?(weight and volume)

A

weigh approximately 1 kg, and

has a volume of 4-6 L

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12
Q

Lung tissue consists of __% solid tissue and the rest is filled with air and blood

A

10%

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13
Q

what is ficks law of diffusion?

A

Governs the diffusion of gas across a fluid membrane

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14
Q

Ficks law of diffusion states that a gas diffuses through a sheet of tissue at a rate:

A
  1. Directly proportional to the tissue area, a diffusion constant, and the pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
  2. Inversely proportional to tissue thickness
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15
Q

what are alveoli?

A

There are more than 600 million alveoli that provide the surface for gas exchange between lung tissue and blood

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16
Q

____receive the largest

blood supply of all the organs

A

Alveoli

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17
Q

____and ___ lie side

by side with the surface as ___ as possible to facilitate rapid exchange of gases

A
  1. Capillaries and alveoli

2. thin

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18
Q

Pores of ____ within alveoli evenly disperse surfactant over respiratory membranes to _____ for easier alveolar inflation

A
  1. Kohn

2. reduce surface tension

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19
Q

what is surfactant?

A

Resistance to expansion of the lung cavity and alveoli increases during inspiration from the effect of surface tension

20
Q

what is surfactant made up of

A

Surfactant consists of a mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells that reduces surface tension

21
Q

what is the purpose of “Surfactant consists of a mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells that reduces surface tension”

A

This reduces the energy
required for alveolar inflation
and deflation

22
Q

Explain the mechanism of breathing(pressure effect)

A

The pressure differential between the air in the lungs and the lung–chest wall interface causes the lungs to adhere to the chest wall and follow its every movement

23
Q

what are the 2 factors that affect the movement of air into the lungs? also what the equation with these 2 factors?

A

pressure gradient (ΔP) and resistance (R).
The relationship between these factors is expressed by the equation for airflow (V):
V=ΔP/R

24
Q

What are the phases of inspiration?

A
  • Diaphragm contracts, flattens, and moves downward toward the abdominal cavity
  • Elongation and enlargement of the chest cavity expands the air in the lungs, causing its intrapulmonary pressure to decrease to slightly below atmospheric pressure

-Lungs inflate as the nose and
mouth suck air inward

-Finishes when thoracic cavity
expansion ceases, causing
equality between intrapulmonary and ambient atmospheric pressure

25
Q

What does Boyles law state?

A

states that the pressure of a gas is inversely related to its volume (or vice versa) under conditions of constant temperature:
Low pressure is associated with large volume and high pressure is associated with small volume

26
Q

What happens to the muscle during inspiration during exercise?

A

the scalenes and external intercostal muscles between the ribs contract, causing the ribs to rotate and lift up and away from the body

27
Q

Inspiratory action ___ during exercise when the diaphragm descends, the ribs swing upward, and the sternum thrusts ____

A
  1. increases

2. outward

28
Q

What does bending forward at the waist allow for athletes to do because of exercise?

A

-Promotes blood flow back
to the heart

-Minimizes antagonistic
effects of gravity on the
usual upward direction of inspiratory movements

29
Q

During _____, air moves out of the lungs through a (passive/active)? process resulting from:
-Natural recoil of the stretched lung tissue and ____ of the inspiratory muscles

A
  1. rest and light exercise
  2. passive
  3. Natural recoil
  4. relaxation
30
Q

What are the phases of expiration?

A
  • Sternum and ribs drop, diaphragm rises, decreasing chest cavity volume and compressing alveolar gas so air moves from respiratory tract to atmosphere
  • Ends when the compressive force of expiratory muscles ceases and intrapulmonary pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure
31
Q

______, diaphragm rises, decreasing chest cavity ____ and compressing alveolar gas so air moves from respiratory tract to _____

A
  1. Sternum and ribs drop
  2. volume
  3. atmosphere
32
Q

Ends when the compressive force of expiratory muscles ____ and _____
pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure

A
  1. ceases

2. intrapulmonary

33
Q

What do the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles do to help during exercise?

A

expiration during exercise:
Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles act forcefully on the ribs and abdominal cavity to reduce thoracic dimensions

which reduces the dimensions and creating more rapid/extensive exhalations

34
Q

What is lung compliance? and whats the equation?

A

extent to which lungs expand for each unit of increase in transpulmonary pressure

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒=Δ𝑉𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔/Δ𝑃𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛

35
Q

what are the factors that affect compliance?(2)

A
  • Elastic forces of lung tissue itself

- Elastic forces caused by surface tension of fluid that lines inside walls of alveoli

36
Q

explain elastic forces of lung tissue(4)

A
  • Determined mainly by elastin and collagen fibers interwoven among lung parenchyma
  • When lungs are expanded these fibers are stretched
  • Force that acts to resist distention/inflation
  • Account for about 1/3 of total elastic forces for returning lung to natural state
37
Q

explain surface tension of the alveoli (3)

A
  • Caused by attraction between alveolar lining fluid and the air in the alveoli
  • Force that acts to resist distention/inflation
  • Account for 2/3 of total elastic forces
38
Q

what are the factors that affect surface tension?

A
  • Effect of surfactant on surface tension

- Effect of Alveolus Radius on Pressure Caused by Surface Tension

39
Q

explain the effect of surfactant on surface tension:

A
  • Part of the surfactant molecule dissolves while the remainder spreads over the surface of the water in the alveoli.
  • Prevents collapse of the alveoli.
40
Q

explain the effect of alveolus radius on pressure caused by surface tension:

A

The surface tension produces a force that is directed inward towards the centre of an alveolus and creates a pressure within the alveolus. The pressure (P) can be determined by Laplace Law

41
Q

what is Laplace Law?

A

P=2xsurface tension/radius

42
Q

P = 4 cm H2O for average-sized alveolus (100 µm) lined with ____ surfactant

A

normal

43
Q

Would be about 4.5 times higher (=18 cm H2O) if alveoli were lined with pure water with ____ surfactant

A

no

44
Q

what are the thoracic cage elastic characteristics?

A
  • Compliance of total pulmonary system = lungs + thoracic cage
  • Pressure needed to inflate total pulmonary system isalmost 2x pressure needed to inflate lungs alone
  • Means that compliance of entire pulmonary system isabout ½ that of lungs alone
45
Q

what are the 3 parts of work of breathing?

A
  1. compliance or elastic work
  2. tissue resistance work
  3. airway resistance work
46
Q

explain compliance or elastic work (work of breathing)

A

Work required to expand lungs against lung and chest elastic forces

47
Q

explain tissue resistance work (work of breathing)

A
  • Work required to overcome viscosity of chest wall structures
  • Small percentage of total work

EXCI 259 final (4 decks)

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