MC's Flashcards
0
Q
MC acquired inflammation of the penis
A
Phimosis: inability to retract prepuce (foreskin)
1
Q
MC penis malformation
A
Hypospadias (ventral)
2
Q
MC cell type of Penile neoplasms
A
Squamous cell carcinoma 95%
3
Q
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ AKA
A
Bowen Disease
4
Q
MC cause of scrotal enlargement
A
Hydrocele
5
Q
Filariasis (type of scrotum chylocele ) AKA
A
elephantitis
6
Q
Filariasis resulting in elephantitis cause
A
Filarioidea Spp. (roundworms)
7
Q
Which type of testicular torsion is MC
A
Adult torsion (age:12-18)
8
Q
What is considered a urologic emergency
A
Testicular torsion: spermatic cord twisting
9
Q
Adult torsion is a result of what
A
Bell Clapper Deformity: incomplete attachment to scrotum
10
Q
Incomplete attachment to scrotum is known as
A
Bell Clapper Deformity (adult torsion)
11
Q
MC cause of postpubertal testicular cancer
A
Germ Cell Tumors 95%
12
Q
Two types of malignant germ cell tumors
A
seminomas
nonseminomatous GCT
13
Q
Embryonal Carcinoma Yolk Sac Tumor Choriocarcinoma Teratoma are all types of what?
A
Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors
14
Q
Alpha Fetal Protein is part of which tumor
A
Yolk Sac Tumor
15
Q
Carcinomas of the prostate are MC in which zone
A
Peripheral zone
16
Q
Hyperplasia of the prostate is MC in which zone
A
Transitional zone: surround urethra
17
Q
MC cause of prostatitis
A
chronic nonbacterial 95%
18
Q
Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis AKA
A
Chronic pelvic pain syndrome
19
Q
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) treatment
A
DHT inhibition (dihydrotestosterone)
20
Q
25% of US men have which type of cancer
A
prostate cancer
21
Q
Prostate cancer is MC characterized as what
A
indolent (lazy)
22
Q
Prostate cancer is MC which cell type
A
adenocarcinoma (100%)
23
Q
Prostate cancer is MC found in which zone?
A
peripheral zone
24
Prostate cancer is MC between what ages
65-75 yo
25
Osteoblastic mets of prostate cancer MC travel where
axial skeleton
26
Renal Calculus AKA
Kidney Stones
27
Urinary Bladder cancer is MC cause by which cell type
Urothelieal Carcinoma 90%
28
What is MC the first sign of Urinary Bladder Cancer
Painless Hematuria
29
What is the organism for Syphilis
Treponema Pallidium
30
What group is 30x more likely to get syphilis
african americans
31
```
Periostitis "Saber Shin"
Saddle nose deformity
Hutchinson's Teeth
Mulberry Molars
are all signs of what
```
congenital syphilis
32
Periostitis aka
saber shin (congenital syphilis)
33
MC reportable STD
Chlamydia
34
Organism found in Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
35
2nd MC reportable STD
Gonorrhea
36
MC bacterial STD
Chlamydia
37
Organism that causes Chlamydia
Chlamydia Trachomatis
38
+HLA-B27 Reactive Arthritis deals with which STD
Chlamydia
39
"Can't Pee" feeling deals with what STD
Chlamydia
| =Reactive arthritis, +HLA-B27
40
Lymphogranuloma venereum deals with which organism
Chlamydia Trachomatis
41
Chancroid deals with which organism
Haemophilus Ducreyi
42
Granuloma Inguinale AKA
donovanosis
43
Granuloma Inguinale is made up of which organism
Klebsiella granulomatis
44
Which penile infection is MC in tropical regions
Granuloma inguinale
45
Human Papilloma Virus is made of what
Chondylomata acuminata: venereal warts
46
MC forms of HPV
HPV 6
| HPV 11
47
HPV MC involves which male and female body parts
penis
| cervix
48
Lichen Sclerosis is most common in which age group
elderly
49
What is secondary syphilis called
chondylomata lata
50
Vulvar carcinoma is MC made of what cell type
Squamous cell carcinoma 90%
51
What is the MC type of vulvar carcinoma
non-HPV-related squamous cell carcinoma
52
Vaginitis infection can be caused due to which organisms
C. albicans (white), Trichomonas vaginalis (green)
53
Mothers to took (DES) diethylstilbestrol are at a 40x increased chance of getting which type of cancer
clear cell adenocarcinoma (vaginal cancer)
54
Which type of vaginal cancer is MC found in ages <5 years
sarcoma botryoids
55
What is the MC organism that causes cervicitis
Trichomonas vaginalis
56
MC high risk HPV
HPV 16
| HPV 18
57
Epithelial endocervix cells are composed of what
columnar
58
Epithelial Exocervix cells are composed of what
squamous
59
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a precursor to what
invasive carcinoma
60
Invasive carcinoma of the cervix is MC made of what cell type
Squamous cell carcinoma 75%
61
Koilocytosis
HPV
62
Secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease, what is the MC condition of the uterus
Endometritis (inflammation of endometrium)
63
What causes endometritis of the uterus
Retained items from conceptions, abortion, IUD
64
What is the cause of 50% of female infertility
Endometriosis: extrauterine endometrial tissue
65
MC female genital tract cancer
endometrial carcinoma
66
Endometrial Polyps are MC in which phase of life
menopause
67
Leiomyosarcoma MC mets to what
lungs
68
Leiomyoma AKA
Fibroids: smooth muscle tumors
69
MC inflammation of the Fallopian tubes
Salpingitis
70
Fallopian tube carcinoma MC located where
fimbriae
71
Fallopian tube carcinoma is made up of what cell type
adenocarcinoma
72
Mutations to what two genes cause Fallopian tube carcinoma
BRCA1
| BRCA2
73
8th MC CA in US women
ovarian neoplasia
74
5th MC cause of CA related death
ovarian neoplasia
75
90% of ovarian cancers is what type
surface epithelial tumors
76
MC type of surface epithelial tumors
serous tumors
77
MC malignant surface epithelial tumor
endometrioid tumor: associated with endometrial and endometriosis CA
78
MC placental infection
ascending infection
79
MC cell type of ascending placental infection
mycoplasma
80
Which placental infection deals with TORCH
transplacental
81
What does TORCH stand for
```
Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella virus
CMV
HSV/HIV
```
82
MC ectopic pregnancy location
Fallopian tubes 90%
83
Which gestational trophoblastic disease can "cannon ball metastisis"
choriocarcinoma
84
Where does choriocarcinoma mets to
lungs
85
Which disease deals with HELLP
preeclampsia
86
What does HELLP stand for
hemolysis
increase liver enzyme
lower platelets
87
MC congenital breast lesion
inverted nipple
88
MC fibrocystic disease
nonproliferative fibrocystic changes (1-5 cm)
89
Which type of fibrocystic changes increases the risk of breast cancer
proliferative fibrocystic changes
90
Chalky white mass
fat necrosis
91
Tumors of the breast MC occur in which tissue
epithelial cells
92
Tumors of the breast are MC what cell type
carcinomas
93
MC benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma (young women)
94
Which tumor of the breast has leaf like projections
phyllodes tumor
95
Breast cancer MC occurs in which quadrant
superolateral quadrant 50%
96
Invasive ductal carcinoma is MC made from what non invasive carcinoma
ductal carcinoma in situ (70-80%)
97
Invasive lobular carcinoma is MC made from which non invasive carcinoma
Invasive carcinoma in situ
98
Which invasive breast carcinoma deals with E-cadherin
invasive lobular carcinoma
99
Which invasive breast carcinoma deals with triple negative AND BRCA1
Medullary carcinoma
100
Which invasive breast carcinoma deals with abundant mucin
colloid carcinoma
101
Which invasive breast carcinoma is <1 cm and has an excellent prognosis
Tubular carcinoma
102
What % of invasive breast cancer has metastasized to the lymph by time of Dx.
50%
103
Lateral and central lesions of invasive breast cancer are MC where
axillary nodes
104
Medial lesions of invasive breast cancer are MC where
internal mammillary arteries
105
Over expression of what gene leads to a poorer prognosis of invasive breast cancer
HER2/neu
106
Gynecomastea is common in males with what condition
Kleinfelter disease
107
Gynecomastea is MC in what age group
pubescent males
108
Carcinoma of male breast is MC in what age group
elderly
109
Gyneocomastea commonly has subareolar swelling referred to as
"button like"
110
MC location for hematopoeisis in children
marrow of long bones: tibia and femur
111
MC location of hematopoesis in adults
pelvis, cranium, vertebral bodies
112
Prevalence of anemia in US:
Men
Women
4% men
| 8% women
113
What happens to kidneys during anemia?
increases erythropoesis 5-8x (producing rbcs)
114
Whats the order of what happens after hemolysis
HB--> bilirubin--> gallstones/jaundice
115
How much blood loss before going into hypervolemic shock
20%
116
Which type of hemolytic anemia is hereditary
intracorpuscular defects
117
Which type of hemolytic anemia is aquired
extracorpuscular defects
118
Which hemolytic anemia is MC
extravascular hemolysis
119
Which hemolytic anemia is an autosomal dominant mutation
hereditary spherocytosis
120
Abnormal RBC membrane skeleton deals with which type of hemolytic anemia
Hereditary Spherocytosis
121
Parvovirus B19 AKA Fifths Disease deals with which hemolytic anemia
Hereditary Spherocytosis
122
Fifths disease
AKA Parvovirus B19
| aplastic crisis
123
Which 2 hemolytic anemias are autosomal recessive
Sickle Cell Anemia
| Thalassemia
124
Beta Globin Mutation deals with which hemolytic anemia
Sickle Cell Mutation
125
HbS
Sickle Hemoglobin
126
Order of HbS
Decrease O2--> Sickling--> microvascular obstruction
127
```
Acute Chest syndrome
Stroke
Infection/septicemia
Hypoxia
are all associated with what
```
Sickle Cell Anemia
128
Congestion or infarction due to sickle cell anemia occurs MC where
bone marrow
129
MC causes of ischemia related death due to sickle cell anemia
stroke
| acute chest syndrome
130
H-shaped vertebra are characteristic of what
sickle cell anemia
131
H-Shaped Vertebra AKA
Lincoln Log vertebra
132
H-Shaped vertebra have what issues
microvascular endplate infarctions
| central end-plate depression
133
Which hemolytic anemia deals with abnormal hemoglobin production
thalassemia
134
What disease is associated with Thalassemia
Malaria
135
Which hemolytic anemia has muted alpha and beta globin genes
Thalassemia
136
Alpha thalassemia is which chromosome
chromosome 16
137
Beta thalassemia is which chromosome
Chromosome 11
138
Beta Thalassemia Minor AKA
Beta thalassemia trait
139
Beta Thalassemia Minor deals with how many alleles
1 allele
| minor abnormalitites
140
Beta Thalassemia Major has how many alleles
2 alleles
| severe
141
Beta Thalassemia Major has what deformity
bone marrow expanding into cortex
142
Poikilocytes
abnormally shaped rbcs
143
Which hemolytic anemia has eventual iron overload (hemochromatosis)
Beta Thalassemia Major
144
Which is more severe? Alpha or Beta Thalassemia
Beta is more severe
145
How many total Alpha Globin genes for alpha thalassemia
4
146
4 Deletions of alpha thalassemia leads to what
lethal hydrops fetalis- no O2 capacity
| 1 deletion, silent
147
Which hemolytic anemia deals with glutathione (GSH) which neutralizes oxidants that may cause hemolysis
G6PD deficiency
148
Which hemolytic anemia has ADR to the following drugs
aspirin
antimalarial drugs
Nitrofurantonin
G6PD
149
Nitrofurantonin is a drug used for what
E. Coli
150
Which hemolytic anemia has an acquired mutation in myeloid stem cells
PNH Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
151
Which gene on PNH Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria is the mutation
X-linked, PIGA gene
152
immunohemolytic anemia AKA
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
153
opsonization of warm antibody immunohemolytic anemia
IgG
154
opsonization of cold antibody immunohemolytic anemia
IgM
155
warm antibody immunohemolytic anemia temperature
37 C
or
98.6 F
156
cold antibody immunohemolytic anemia temperature
<86 F
157
warm antibody immunohemolytic anemia secondary to which disease
SLE : Lupus
158
Cold antibody immunohemolytic anemia secondary to which disease
EBV: Mono
159
Which hemolytic anemia deals with Raynaud Phenomenon (cold or numbness)
Immunohemolytic anemia
160
Traumatic Hemolysis AKA
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
161
Which hemolytic anemia deals with Shistocytes
Traumatic hemolysis
162
types of shistocytes (fragmented rbc)
Burr cells
| Helmet cells
163
Which protozoan is cause of malaria
plasmodium falciparum
164
What type of vector causes malaria
female anopheles mosquito
165
What disease is associated with blackwater fever
malaria
166
aplastic anemia
bone marrow failure
167
mylophthisic anemia
marrow infiltration
168
megaloblastic anemia nutritional deficiency
B12 and Folic acid
169
MC cause of anemia
Iron deficiency
170
MC nutritional deficiency
iron deficiency
171
Iron store what percent of hemoglobin
80%
172
MC of iron deficiency in developed nations
blood loss
173
Fingernail spooning is characteristic of which type of anemia
megaloblastic anemia
174
Pica diet is associated with which type of anemia
megaloblastic anemia
175
Sore tongue is a characteristic of which type of anemia
Folate deficiency anemia
176
Vit B12 Deficiency anemia AKA
Pernicious anemia
177
MC cause of VitB12 Deficiency anemia
chronic malabsorption
178
Which type of anemia is most common among hospitalized
anemia of chronic disease
179
Which type of anemia deals with suppression of myeloid stem cells
anaplastic anemia
180
Which type of anemia has extensive filtration of bone marrow
myelophthisic anemia
181
myelophthisic anemia MC mets where
breast, lung, prostate
182
chronic granulomatous disease is associated with which anemia
myelophthisic anemia
183
Bridges-good syndrome is associated with which type of anemia
myelophthisic anemia
184
Niemann Pick type C is associated with which type of anemia
myelophthisic anemia
185
Dacrocytes are associated with which type of anemia
myelophthisic anemia
186
what are dacrocytes
tear drop shaped rbcs
187
Too many RBC produced is known as what
polycythemia
188
Relative polycythemia does what to plasma
DECREASES plasma
189
Absolute polycythemia does what to RBC mass
INCREASES total RBC mass
190
Which granulocyte is MC
Neutrophil
191
How many lobules does a neutrophil have
5
192
How many lobules does an eosinophil have
2 lobules
193
Purpose of basophil
prevent excessive clots (heparin)
194
Agranulocytosis
severe neutropenia
195
neutropenia
decreased granulocytes
196
Infectious mononucleosis AKA
EPV, HHV-4
197
Which bacterial organism is the cause of cat scratch fever
bartonella henselae
198
MC location for lymphadenopathy from cat scrath fever
axillary and cervical
199
"Stormy" onset is a feature of which type of leukemia
acute leukemia
200
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia MC tumor type
Pre-B cell tumors
201
Lymphoblastic lymphoma deals with which type of tumors
Pre- T cell tumor
202
MC type of pediatric leukemia
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
203
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia deals with which cell type
B cell
204
MC leukemia of adulthood
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
205
Hypogammaglobulinemia is associated with which type of leukemia
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
206
Which type of leukemia resembles diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
207
Which lymphoma has centrocytes
follicular lymphoma
208
What is a centrocytes
lymphocyte with cleaved nuclei
209
MC adult non-hodgkins lymphoma
follicular lymphoma
210
Which lymphoma deals with dysfunctional cyclins
Mantle cell lymphoma
211
MC lymphoma of adulthood
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
212
Which lymphoma MC affects children and young adults and characteristically affects facial structures
Burkitt lymphoma
213
Which is one of the fastest growing human neoplasms
Burkitt lymphoma
214
MC plasma cell cancer
multiple myeloma
215
Bence-Jones proteins deal with which cancer type
multiple myeloma
216
MC sites of lytic lesion from multiple myeloma
vertebral column, ribs, skull
217
Reed-sternburg cells are hallmark feature of what
Hodgkins lymphoma
218
Reed-Sternburg cells resemble what
owl eye
219
Exposure to agent orange increases risk of what cancer
Hodgkin's lymphoma
