MC and TF

Question 1

1. Person-centered therapy is best described as a completed and fixed “school,” or model, of therapy.
   T
   F

Answer 1

false

Question 2

2. Diagnosis of clients is seen as an important beginning point for therapy.
   T
   F

Answer 2

false

Question 3

3. In motivational interviewing, the therapeutic relationship is as important in achieving successful outcomes as the specific theoretical model or school of psychotherapy from which the therapist operates.
   T
   F

Answer 3

true

Question 4

4. An abundance of research supports the notion that the human elements of psychotherapy (client factors, therapist effects, and the therapeutic alliance) are far more important than models and techniques in affecting the outcome of therapy.
   T
   F

Answer 4

true

Question 5

5. Directive procedures are called for when clients feel that they are “stuck” in therapy.
   T
   F

Answer 5

false

Question 6

6. Natalie Rogers expanded on her father’s theory of creativity using the expressive arts to enhance personal growth for individuals and groups.
   T
   F

Answer 6

true

Question 7

7. Motivational interviewing rests on the therapeutic core conditions; however, it offers a range of strategies that enable clients to develop action plans leading to change.
   T
   F

Answer 7

true

Question 8

8. Therapists using motivational interviewing assume that confronting resistance directly is a pathway to change.
   T
   F

Answer 8

false

Question 9

9. Methods of Natalie Rogers’s expressive arts therapy are based on psychoanalytic concepts.
   T
   F

Answer 9

false

Question 10

10. Motivational interviewing is deliberately directive and is aimed at reducing client ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation.
    T
    F

Answer 10

true

Question 11

11. In person-centered group counseling, the role of the counselor is best described as a
    a. coach.
    b. teacher.
    c. skilled group technician.
    d. director.
    e. facilitator.

Answer 11

E

Question 12

12. Person-centered therapy is a form of
    a. psychoanalysis.
    b. humanistic therapy.
    c. behavioral therapy.
    d. cognitive-oriented therapy.
    e. both (c) and (d).

Answer 12

B

Question 13

13. Which of the following is considered important in person-centered therapy?
    a. accurate diagnosis
    b. accurate therapist interpretation
    c. therapeutic experiments
    d. all of the above
    e. none of the above

Answer 13

E

Question 14

14. Congruence refers to the therapist’s
    a. genuineness.
    b. empathy for clients.
    c. positive regard.
    d. respect for clients.
    e. judgmental attitude

Answer 14

A

Question 15

15. In person-centered therapy, transference is
    a. a necessary, but not sufficient, condition of therapy.
    b. a core part of the therapeutic process.
    c. a neurotic distortion.
    d. a result of ineptness on the therapist’s part.
    e. not an essential or significant factor in the therapy process.

Answer 15

E

Question 16

16. Emotion-focused therapy
    a. is rooted in a person-centered philosophy.
    b. incorporates aspects of Gestalt therapy into the process.
    c. incorporates aspects of existential therapy into the process.
    d. both (a) and (b).
    e. all of the above.

Answer 16

E

Question 17

17. Accurate empathic understanding refers to the therapist’s ability to
    a. accurately diagnose the client’s central problem.
    b. objectively understand the dynamics of a client.
    c. like and care for the client.
    d. sense the inner world of the client’s subjective experience.

Answer 17

D

Question 18

18. Which technique(s) is (are) most often used in the person-centered approach?
    a. questioning and probing
    b. analysis of resistance
    c. free association
    d. active listening and reflection
    e. interpretation

Answer 18

D

Question 19

19. Which statement is most true of person-centered theory?
    a. Therapists should be judgmental at times.
    b. Therapists should direct the session when clients are silent.
    c. The skill a therapist possesses is more important than his or her attitude toward a client.
    d. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than are his or her attitudes.

Answer 19

D

Question 20

20. In what stage of change do individuals intend to take action immediately and report some small behavioral changes?
    a. precontemplation
    b. contemplation
    c. preparation
    d. action
    e. maintenance

Answer 20

C

Question 21

21. One strength of the person-centered approach is that
    a. it offers a wide range of cognitive techniques to change behavior.
    b. it teaches clients ways to explore the meaning of dreams.
    c. it emphasizes reliving one’s early childhood memories.
    d. therapists have the latitude to develop their own counseling style.
    e. clients are given a concrete plan to follow.

Answer 21

D

Question 22

22. A limitation of the person-centered approach is a
    a. lack of research conducted on key concepts.
    b. tendency for practitioners to give support without challenging clients sufficiently.
    c. lack of attention to the therapeutic relationship.
    d. failure to allow clients to choose for themselves.

Answer 22

B

Question 23

23. Rogers made a contribution to
    a. developing the humanistic movement in psychotherapy.
    b. pioneering research in the process and outcomes of therapy.
    c. fostering world peace.
    d. pioneering the encounter-group movement.
    e. all of the above.

Answer 23

E

Question 24

24. As a result of experiencing person-centered therapy, it is hypothesized that the client will move toward
    a. self-trust.
    b. an internal source of evaluation.
    c. being more open to experience.
    d. a willingness to continue growing.
    e. all of the above.

Answer 24

E

Question 25

25. Unconditional positive regard refers to
    a. feeling a sense of liking for clients.
    b. accepting clients as worthy persons.
    c. approving of clients’ behavior.
    d. agreeing with clients’ values.
    e. accepting clients if they meet the therapist’s expectations.

Answer 25

B

Question 26

1. The key concepts of the existential approach can be integrated into most therapeutic approaches.
   T
   F

Answer 26

true

Question 27

2. Existential therapists show wide latitude in the techniques they employ.
   T
   F

Answer 27

true

Question 28

3. According to Sartre, existential guilt is the consciousness of evading commitment to choose for ourselves.
   T
   F

Answer 28

true

Question 29

4. Existentialists maintain that our experience of aloneness is a result of our making inappropriate choices.
   T
   F

Answer 29

false

Question 30

5. Techniques are secondary in the therapeutic process, and a subjective understanding of the client is primary.
   T
   F

Answer 30

true

Question 31

6. To its credit, existential therapy is compatible with the trend toward evidence-based practice.
   T
   F

Answer 31

false

Question 32

7. Part of the human condition is that humans are both free and responsible.
   T
   F

Answer 32

true

Question 33

8. Anxiety is best considered as a neurotic manifestation; thus, the principal aim of therapy is to eliminate anxiety.
   T
   F

Answer 33

false

Question 34

9. Emmy van Deurzen has made significant contributions to the development of existential therapy in the United Kingdom through her writing and teaching.
   T
   F

Answer 34

true

Question 35

10. The existential approach is a reaction against both psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
    T
    F

Answer 35

true

Question 36

11. Who is the person who developed logotherapy?
    a. Emmy van Deurzen
    b. Rollo May
    c. Irvin Yalom
    d. James Bugental
    e. Victor Frankl

Answer 36

E

Question 37

12. Which is NOT a key concept of existential therapy?
    a. It is based on a personal relationship between client and therapist.
    b. It stresses personal freedom in deciding one’s fate.
    c. It places primary value on self-awareness.
    d. It is based on a well-defined set of techniques and procedures.

Answer 37

D

Question 38

13. One function of the existential therapist is to
    a. develop a specific treatment plan that can be objectively appraised.
    b. challenge the client’s irrational beliefs.
    c. understand the client’s subjective world.
    d. explore the client’s past history in detail.
    e. assist the client in working through transference.

Answer 38

C

Question 39

14. According to the existential view, anxiety is a
    a. result of repressed sexuality.
    b. part of the human condition.
    c. neurotic symptom that needs to be cured.
    d. result of faulty learning.

Answer 39

B

Question 40

15. Resistance is seen as part of , of how a person understands his or her being and relationship to the world at large.
    a. the existential vacuum
    b. authenticity
    c. the world-at-large concept
    d. social interest
    e. the self-and-world construct

Answer 40

E

Question 41

16. What is the most crucial quality of a therapist in building an effective therapeutic relationship with a client?
    a. the therapist’s knowledge of theory
    b. the therapist’s skill in using techniques
    c. the therapist’s ability to diagnose accurately
    d. the therapist’s authenticity
    e. the therapist’s application of evidence-based practices

Answer 41

D

Question 42

17. Who was the main American spokesperson of European existential thinking as it is applied to psychotherapy?
    a. Rollo May
    b. Erik Erikson
    c. Rudolf Dreikurs
    d. Carl Jung

Answer 42

A

Question 43

18. Guilt and anxiety are viewed by existential therapists as
    a. behaviors that are unrealistic.
    b. the result of traumatic situations in childhood.
    c. conditions that should be removed or cured.
    d. all of the above.
    e. none of the above.

Answer 43

E

Question 44

19. The existential approach is based on
    a. specific behaviors that can be assessed.
    b. a scientific orientation.
    c. a teaching–learning model that stresses the didactic aspects of therapy.
    d. the philosophical concern with what it means to be fully human.
    e. a manualized approach to treatment.

Answer 44

D

Question 45

20. Existential therapy is basically
    a. a behavioral approach.
    b. a cognitive approach.
    c. an experiential and relational approach.
    d. an evidence-based approach.
    e. a recent development of the psychoanalytic model.

Answer 45

C

Question 46

21. Existential therapy places emphasis on
    a. finding solutions to well-defined problems.
    b. the quality of the client–therapist relationship.
    c. teaching clients cognitive and behavioral coping skills.
    d. uncovering early childhood traumatic events.
    e. working through unconscious conflicts.

Answer 46

B

Question 47

22. The central theme running through the works of Viktor Frankl is
    a. that freedom is a myth.
    b. the will to meaning.
    c. overcoming our inferiority complex through striving for superiority.
    d. the importance of understanding one’s family of origin.
    e. being thrown into the universe without purpose.

Answer 47

B

Question 48

23. The existential therapist would probably agree that
    a. aloneness is a sign of detachment.
    b. aloneness is a condition that needs to be cured.
    c. ultimately we are alone.
    d. we are alone unless we have a religious faith.
    e. we are alone if we are not loved by others.

Answer 48

C

Question 49

24. The existential “givens of life” include all of the following except
    a. death.
    b. taxes.
    c. freedom.
    d. existential isolation.
    e. meaninglessness.

Answer 49

B

Question 50

25. Which of the following is a limitation of the existential approach in working with culturally diverse client populations?
    a. the focus on understanding and accepting the client
    b. the focus on finding meaning in one’s life
    c. the focus on death as a catalyst to living fully
    d. the focus on one’s own responsibility rather than on changing social conditions
    e. the focus on the I/Thou relationship

Answer 50

D

Question 51

1. Resistance refers to defences we develop that prevent us from experiencing the present in a full and real way.
   T
   F

Answer 51

true

Question 52

2. Blocked energy can be considered a form of resistance.
   T
   F

Answer 52

true

Question 53

3. The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is adjustment to society.
   T
   F

Answer 53

false

Question 54

4. Recent trends in Gestalt practice include more emphasis on confrontation, more anonymity of the therapist, and increased reliance on techniques.
   T
   F

Answer 54

false

Question 55

5. Dreams contain existential messages, and each piece of dream work leads to assimilation of disowned aspects of the self.
   T
   F

Answer 55

true

Question 56

6. Gestalt therapy is well suited for group counselling, especially when there is a here-and-now emphasis within the group.
   T
   F

Answer 56

true

Question 57

7. One of the functions of the therapist is to pay attention to the client’s body language.
   T
   F

Answer 57

true

Question 58

8. Gestalt techniques are primarily aimed at teaching clients to think rationally.
   T
   F

Answer 58

false

Question 59

9. A major function of the therapist is to make interpretations of clients’ behaviour so that they can begin to think of their patterns.
   T
   F

Answer 59

false

Question 60

10. The founder of Gestalt therapy contends that the most frequent source of unfinished business is resentment.
    T
    F

Answer 60

true

Question 61

11. The main founder of Gestalt therapy is
    a. Carl Rogers.
    b. Fritz Perls.
    c. Albert Ellis.
    d. William Glasser.
    e. none of the above.

Answer 61

B

Question 62

12. Which is NOT true of Gestalt therapy?
    a. The focus is on the “what” and “how” of behavior.
    b. The focus is on the here and now.
    c. The focus is on integrating fragmented parts of the personality.
    d. The focus is on unfinished business from the past.
    e. The focus is on the “why” of behavior.

Answer 62

E

Question 63

13. Which of the following is NOT a key concept of Gestalt therapy?
    a. acceptance of personal responsibility
    b. intellectual understanding of one’s problems
    c. awareness of the present moment
    d. unfinished business
    e. dealing with the impasse

Answer 63

B

Question 64

14. According to the Gestalt view, awareness
    a. is by itself therapeutic.
    b. is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for change.
    c. without specific behavioral change is useless.
    d. consists of understanding the causes of one’s problems.

Answer 64

A

Question 65

15. The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is to help clients
    a. move from environmental support to self-support.
    b. recognize which ego state they are functioning in.
    c. uncover unconscious motivations.
    d. work through the transference relationship with the therapist.
    e. challenge their philosophy of life.

Answer 65

A

Question 66

16. The impasse is the point in therapy at which clients
    a. do not have external support available to them.
    b. experience a sense of “being stuck.”
    c. are challenged to get into contact with their frustrations and accept whatever is.
    d. do all of the above.

Answer 66

D

Question 67

17. Gestalt therapy can best be characterized as
    a. an insight therapy.
    b. an experiential therapy.
    c. an action-oriented therapy.
    d. an empirically validated treatment.
    e. a cognitive approach.

Answer 67

B

Question 68

18. Gestalt therapy encourages clients to
    a. experience feelings intensely.
    b. stay in the here and now.
    c. work through the impasse.
    d. pay attention to their own nonverbal messages.
    e. do all of the above.

Answer 68

E

Question 69

19. The focus of Gestalt therapy is on
    a. the relationship between client and counselor.
    b. free associating to the client’s dreams.
    c. recognizing one’s own projections and refusing to accept helplessness.
    d. understanding why we feel as we do.
    e. all of the above.

Answer 69

C

Question 70

20. A contribution of the Gestalt approach is that it
    a. sheds light on transference.
    b. is primarily a cognitive perspective.
    c. stresses talking about problems.
    d. deals with the past in a lively manner.

Answer 70

D

Question 71

21. The process of distraction, which makes it difficult to maintain sustained contact, is
    a. introjection.
    b. projection.
    c. retroflection.
    d. confluence.
    e. deflection.

Answer 71

E

Question 72

22.	The process of turning back to ourselves what we would like to do to someone else is
Answer
a.	introjection.
b.	projection.
c.	retroflection.
d.	confluence.
e.	deflection.

Answer 72

C

Question 73

23. The tendency to uncritically accept others’ beliefs without assimilating or internalizing them is
    a. introjection.
    b. projection.
    c. retroflection.
    d. confluence.
    e. deflection.

Answer 73

A

Question 74

24.	The process of blurring awareness of the boundary between self and environment is
Answer
a.	introjection.
b.	projection.
c.	retroflection.
d.	confluence.
e.	deflection.

Answer 74

D

Question 75

25. What is a limitation (or limitations) of Gestalt therapy as it is applied to working with culturally diverse populations?
    Answer
    a. Clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved may not see value in experiential techniques.
    b. Clients may be “put off” by the emphasis on expressing feelings.
    c. Clients may be looking for specific advice on solving practical problems.
    d. Clients may believe showing one’s vulnerability is being weak.
    e. All of the above are limitations.

Answer 75

E

Question 76

1. Operant conditioning was mainly developed by B. F. Skinner.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 76

true

Question 77

2. Behavior therapists look to current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental contingencies.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 77

true

Question 78

3. The emphasis of contemporary behavior therapy is on evidence-based treatments.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 78

true

Question 79

4. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is based on helping clients control or change unpleasant sensations and thoughts.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 79

false

Question 80

5. Behavioral techniques can be effectively incorporated into a group counseling format.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 80

true

Question 81

6. Typically, the goals of the therapeutic process are determined by the therapist.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 81

false

Question 82

7. Behavior therapists tend to be active and directive, and they function as consultants and problem solvers.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 82

true

Question 83

8. Multimodal therapy consists of a series of techniques that are used with all clients in much the same way.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 83

true

Question 84

9. Relaxation training has benefits in areas such as preparing patients for surgery, teaching clients how to cope with chronic pain, and reducing the frequency of migraine attacks.
   Answer
   T
   F

Answer 84

true

Question 85

10. A program of behavioral change should begin with a comprehensive assessment of the client.
    Answer
    T
    F

Answer 85

true

Question 86

11. Behavior therapy is grounded on
    Answer
    a. the psychodynamic aspects of a person.
    b. the principles of learning.
    c. a philosophical view of the human condition.
    d. the events of the first 5 years of life.

Answer 86

B

Question 87

12. Mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches
    Answer
    a. have received empirical support as an effective form of therapy.
    b. have no legitimate place in behavior therapy.
    c. have no research evidence to support the value of the techniques used.
    d. are a part of traditional behavior therapy.
    e. have not yet been accepted into the behavioral tradition.

Answer 87

A

Question 88

13. In behavior therapy it is generally agreed that
    Answer
    a. the therapist should decide the treatment goals.
    b. the client should decide the treatment goals.
    c. goals of therapy are the same for all clients.
    d. goals are not necessary.

Answer 88

B

Question 89

14. Which is NOT true as it is applied to behavior therapy?
    Answer
    a. Insight is necessary for behavior change to occur.
    b. Therapy should focus on behavior change and not attitude change.
    c. Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations.
    d. A good working relationship between client and therapist is necessary for behavior change to occur.

Answer 89

A

Question 90

15. According to most behavior therapists, a good working relationship between client and therapist is
    Answer
    a. a necessary and sufficient condition for behavior change to occur.
    b. a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for behavior change to occur.
    c. neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for behavior change to occur.

Answer 90

B

Question 91

16.	Applied behavior analysis makes use of
Answer
a.	classical conditioning techniques.
b.	operant conditioning techniques.
c.	cognitive behavioral techniques.
d.	all of the above.
e.	none of the above

Answer 91

B

Question 92

17.	Mindfulness practices rely on
Answer
a.	positive reinforcement.
b.	negative reinforcement.
c.	didactic instruction.
d.	high intellectual abilities.
e.	experiential learning and client discovery.

Answer 92

E

Question 93

18. Dialectical behavior therapy
    Answer
    a. has no empirical support for its validity.
    b. is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques.
    c. is a long-term therapy for treating depression.
    d. is a form of operant conditioning.
    e. is a form of classical conditioning

Answer 93

B

Question 94

19. Which is NOT true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
    Answer
    a. DBT was formulated for treating borderline personality disorders.
    b. DBT emphasizes the importance of the client–therapist relationship.
    c. DBT incorporates mindfulness training and Zen practices.
    d. DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques.
    e. DBT relies on empirical data to support its effectiveness.

Answer 94

D

Question 95

20. An exposure-based procedure that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive restructuring, and the induction of rapid, rhythmic eye movements aimed at treatment of traumatic experiences is called
    Answer
    a. flooding.
    b. in vivo desensitization.
    c. systematic desensitization.
    d. relaxation training.
    e. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

Answer 95

E

Question 96

21. Prolonged/intense exposure—either in real life or in imagination—to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli is called
    Answer
    a. self-management training.
    b. in vivo desensitization.
    c. systematic desensitization.
    d. flooding.
    e. eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

Answer 96

D

Question 97

22. A limitation of traditional behavior therapy is its
    Answer
    a. lack of research to evaluate the effectiveness of techniques.
    b. de-emphasis on the role of feelings in therapy.
    c. lack of clear concepts on which to base practice.
    d. disregard for the client–therapist relationship.
    e. overemphasis on early childhood experiences.

Answer 97

B

Question 98

23. Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on
    Answer
    a. the interplay between the individual and the environment.
    b. helping clients acquire insight into the causes of their problems.
    c. a phenomenological approach to understanding the person.
    d. encouraging clients to reexperience unfinished business with significant others by role-playing with them in the present.
    e. working through the transference relationship with the therapist.

Answer 98

A

Question 99

24. Which is NOT true as it applies to multimodal therapy?
    Answer
    a. Therapeutic flexibility and versatility are valued highly.
    b. Therapists adjust their procedures to effectively achieve the client’s goals in therapy.
    c. Great care is taken to fit the client to a predetermined type of treatment.
    d. The approach encourages technical eclecticism.
    e. The therapist makes a comprehensive assessment of the client’s level of functioning at the outset of therapy.

Answer 99

C

Question 100

25. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the basic characteristics of contemporary behavior therapy?
    Answer
    a. Experimentally derived principles of learning are systematically applied to help people change their maladaptive behaviors.
    b. Emphasis is on using evidence-based treatment interventions.
    c. The focus is on assessing overt and covert behavior directly, identifying the problem, and evaluating change.
    d. The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach.
    e. There is an attempt to develop culture-specific procedures and obtain clients’ adherence and cooperation in a treatment program.

Answer 100

D