MC Flashcards
1
Q
- Main idea of utopian socialists. No specific names. Just common features.
A
- The establishment of a society based no harmony, association and cooperation through communal working and living.
2
Q
- The crisis of the capitalist system and class struggle according to Marx.
A
- The goal of capitalism is to invest in technology and reduces wages. This would lead to increased work hours, higher productivity, and lower wages, which in turn would lead to lower purchasing power and the crisis of overproduction. Eventually there will be mass unemployment or takeovers due to monopolization of industries.
- How do we solve this> Political activity and class consciousness. Class consciousness would lead to a revolutionary process.
3
Q
- Marx’s Labor Theory of Value.
A
- Labor is exchanged for money but the rate is lower than the actual value of the product produced. If labor produced value higher than its own value, then that is the surplus value taken by the capitalists.
- Marx called this struggle the ‘rate of exploitation’
4
Q
- Russia’s political system between the February and October revolutions. Provisional Government.
A
- The provisional government consisted of the Kadets, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries. It had no power of coercion thus had to tolerate the Soviets.
- The Soviets needed the PG in order to have international legitimacy.
- Soldiers elected committees. There were many deserters.
- Kornilov affair. Led his troops to arrest the Bolsheviks but was arrested by the PG.
5
Q
- First Bolshevik decrees.
A
- Land Decree: No private land ownership, called on local village committes to restribute land
- Workers Control: Gave elected factory committees the power of supervision over industrial and commercial enterprises
- Decress of November and December 1917: Abolished all ranks and hierarchical greetings in the army.
- Decree on People’s Courts: Judged elected by population.
6
Q
- The Civil War in Russia after the October Revolution.
A
- Anticipated by Lenin.
- Anti-Bolshevik army (White Army) had political disunity and failed.
- The White Army did not have as much foreign support as some believe.
- The discipline of the Red Army was vital.
- Proclamation of Red Terror: Sept 5, 1918. Introduced concentration camps.
7
Q
- What was War Communism?
A
- Nationalization of all industry
- State trade monopoly
- Partial suspension of money transactions
- Compulsory food deliveries on peasants
- Requisitioning of agricultural products
- Forceful establishment of state property.
8
Q
- Peasant response to War Communism.
A
- Unhappy with the sloppy land redistribution. It wasn’t fair.
- Annoyed that the PG asked for food deliveries just how the Tsar did.
- Peasants engaged in free trade. Those who did were called meshochniki or bagmen.
- Churches being closed and the arrests of priests made many peasants angry.
9
Q
- Workers response to War Communism.
A
- Factory committees didn’t have much power.
- Unemployment was rampant and workers moved to the countryside.
- Food prices rose.
- Communists formed ‘labor armies’ to clear roads, rebuild bridges, etc.
- Party membership sunk.
10
Q
- The creation of the new specialist class in the Soviet Union.
A
- Created during the Lenin-Stalin area.
- An objective to train more specialists from the working class. Many failed in technical universities. Many non-party professors were verbally attacked and dismissed.
11
Q
- Economic debates in the Soviet Union in the 1920s (Trotsky vs. Bukharin).
A
- Trotsky: Rigorous centralized planning. Focus heavily on heavy industry. Machinery made in heavy industry will then help every other field.
- Bukharin: Opposition on the right. Recommended lowering prices of industrial goods and easing restrictions on land leasing. Bukharin wanted to focus heavily on the agricultural sector. He believed that peasants would produce more to sell, be well fed, and the peasants would then buy industrial products which would help heavy industry.
12
Q
- The New Economic Policy (the USSR in the 1920s).
A
- A strategic retreat to capitalism approved by Lenin. Occurred in 1921.
13
Q
- Agricultural collectivization in the USSR (the 1920s-1930s).
A
- The goal of the campaign was to liquidate the kulak and to increase food supplied to the cities. Over 5 million resisted collectivization and were killed/banished.
- Led to a massive famine, passports, road blocks, and many kolkhoz farmers not being payed.
- Kommuna: All property held in common, sometimes with living quarters.
- Artel: Each househould owned its own dwelling and small plot of land. Other resources shared.
- TOZ: Some or all fields cultivated collectively
- Sovkhozy: Fixed wages.
14
Q
- Industrialization in the Soviet Union (the 1930s).
A
- Stalin wanted to surpass the west. Stalin argued for heavy industry to be at the center.
- Unemployment was pretty much eliminated but the demand for works was still high and very expensive.
- Housing was horrible
15
Q
- The occupation of the Baltic States (Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia).
A
- Done by force in the 1940s. Held “elections” which ended in communist majorities in all three countries.
16
Q
- The creation of the communist regime in Hungary and the Hungarian revolt.
A
- Communist party didn’t do too well in the elections but they won some seats and key ministerial positions.
- The police were controlled by the communist party; many government members were arrested.
- Hungarian revolt of October 23,1956 against the communist party.
17
Q
The creation of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring.
A
- Czechoslovakia: Dominated by three socialist parties. Eduard Benes was forced to step down and Klement Gottwald became prime minister. In 1948 the communist takeover was complete through a reasonably free election.
- Prague Spring: In August 20-21, 1968 – Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia.
18
Q
- Nationalization of industry and land reform in Poland in the first years after the establishment of the communist regime.
A
- Mass nationalization. Every factor with a labor force of at least 50 workers was nationalized.
- Land mostly remained in private hands.
19
Q
The economic system of Yugoslavia during communism and its achievements.
A
- Self-management, economic freedom, traveling, variation, consumer goods, etc.
- Tito was a fairly popular leader and Yugoslavia’s people hadthe highest standard of living in the region. Tito was a good leader in handling peace and cooperation in the communist system. A considerable amount of freedom of speech.