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MBOD Block 4 > MBOD Block 4 Week 2 > Flashcards

MBOD Block 4 Week 2 Flashcards

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2
Q

<p>What are the fuels for the energy reserves of humans?</p>

A

<p>TAG, Protein, Glycogen, Glucose</p>

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2
Q

<p>What are the fuels for the energy reserves of humans?</p>

A

<p>TAG, Protein, Glycogen, Glucose</p>

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3
Q

<p>Which tissues house the energy reserves of humans?</p>

A

<p>Adipose, Muscle, Liver, Body fluids</p>

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3
Q

<p>Which tissues house the energy reserves of humans?</p>

A

<p>Adipose, Muscle, Liver, Body fluids</p>

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4
Q

<p>Which tissues has the most energy reserves?</p>

A

<p>Adipose</p>

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4
Q

<p>Which tissues has the most energy reserves?</p>

A

<p>Adipose</p>

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5
Q

<p>What are the anabolic pathways?</p>

A

<p>Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Protein Synthesis, Lipogenesis</p>

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5
Q

<p>What are the anabolic pathways?</p>

A

<p>Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Protein Synthesis, Lipogenesis</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in gluconeogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Lactate, alanine, glycerol</p>

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6
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in gluconeogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Lactate, alanine, glycerol</p>

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7
Q

<p>What is the end product of gluconeogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glucose</p>

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7
Q

<p>What is the end product of gluconeogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glucose</p>

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8
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in glycogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glc-1-P, Glc</p>

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8
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in glycogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glc-1-P, Glc</p>

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9
Q

<p>What is the end product of glycogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glycogen</p>

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9
Q

<p>What is the end product of glycogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glycogen</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in protein synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Amino acids</p>

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10
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in protein synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Amino acids</p>

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11
Q

<p>What is the end product of protein synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Proteins</p>

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11
Q

<p>What is the end product of protein synthesis?</p>

A

<p>Proteins</p>

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12
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in lipogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glc, glycerol, acetyl-CoA</p>

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12
Q

<p>What are the substrates involved in lipogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Glc, glycerol, acetyl-CoA</p>

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13
Q

<p>What are the end products of lipogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Fatty acids, TAG</p>

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13
Q

<p>What are the end products of lipogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Fatty acids, TAG</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are the catabolic pathways?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis, CAC + ETC, Glycogenolysis, Proteolysis, Lipolysis, P-gluconate pathway</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are the catabolic pathways?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis, CAC + ETC, Glycogenolysis, Proteolysis, Lipolysis, P-gluconate pathway</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glucose</p>

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15
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glucose</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is the end product of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate, ATP</p>

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16
Q

<p>What is the end product of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate, ATP</p>

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17
Q

<p>What substrates are involved in CAC + ETC?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl CoA, OAA</p>

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17
Q

<p>What substrates are involved in CAC + ETC?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl CoA, OAA</p>

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18
Q

<p>What are the end products of CAC + ETC?</p>

A

<p>NADH, ATP, CO2</p>

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18
Q

<p>What are the end products of CAC + ETC?</p>

A

<p>NADH, ATP, CO2</p>

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19
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in glycogenolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glycogen</p>

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19
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in glycogenolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glycogen</p>

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20
Q

<p>What are the end products of glycogenolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glc-1-P, Glc</p>

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20
Q

<p>What are the end products of glycogenolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glc-1-P, Glc</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in proteolysis?</p>

A

<p>Proteins</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in proteolysis?</p>

A

<p>Proteins</p>

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22
Q

<p>What are the end products of lipolysis?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl CoA, glycerol</p>

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22
Q

<p>What are the end products of lipolysis?</p>

A

<p>Acetyl CoA, glycerol</p>

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23
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in the P-gluconate Pathway? </p>

A

<p>Glc-6-P</p>

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23
Q

<p>What is the substrate involved in the P-gluconate Pathway? </p>

A

<p>Glc-6-P</p>

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24
Q

<p>What are the end products of the P-gluconate Pathway?</p>

A

<p>pentoses, CO2, NADPH (->FA)</p>

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24
Q

<p>What are the end products of the P-gluconate Pathway?</p>

A

<p>pentoses, CO2, NADPH (->FA)</p>

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25
Q

<p>What happens to the blood glucose in the fed state?</p>

A

<p>It increases</p>

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25
Q

<p>What happens to the blood glucose in the fed state?</p>

A

<p>It increases</p>

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26
Q

<p>What are the stages of the Feed-Fast Cycle?</p>

A

<p>Fed state; Post-prandial state; Post-absorptive state; Basal state; Fasting state; Starved state </p>

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26
Q

<p>What are the stages of the Feed-Fast Cycle?</p>

A

<p>Fed state; Post-prandial state; Post-absorptive state; Basal state; Fasting state; Starved state </p>

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27
Q

<p>After how many hours does the Post-prandial state occur?</p>

A

<p>~2hrs</p>

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27
Q

<p>After how many hours does the Post-prandial state occur?</p>

A

<p>~2hrs</p>

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28
Q

<p>After how many hours does the Post-absorptive state occur?</p>

A

<p>~6-8hrs</p>

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28
Q

<p>After how many hours does the Post-absorptive state occur?</p>

A

<p>~6-8hrs</p>

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29
Q

<p>Which state occurs after ~12 hours?</p>

A

<p>Basal state (Early fasting state)</p>

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29
Q

<p>Which state occurs after ~12 hours?</p>

A

<p>Basal state (Early fasting state)</p>

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30
Q

<p>After how many hours does the Fasting state occur?</p>

A

<p>24-72 hrs</p>

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30
Q

<p>After how many hours does the Fasting state occur?</p>

A

<p>24-72 hrs</p>

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31
Q

<p>Which state occurs after ~72 hours?</p>

A

<p>Starved state</p>

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31
Q

<p>Which state occurs after ~72 hours?</p>

A

<p>Starved state</p>

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32
Q

<p>What are the fates of fuels in the fed state?</p>

A

<p>Storage, synthesis, oxidation</p>

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32
Q

<p>What are the fates of fuels in the fed state?</p>

A

<p>Storage, synthesis, oxidation</p>

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33
Q

<p>What occurs in muscle metabolism during the resting state?</p>

A

<p>Synthesis of glycogen and protein.</p>

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33
Q

<p>What occurs in muscle metabolism during the resting state?</p>

A

<p>Synthesis of glycogen and protein.</p>

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34
Q

<p>What occurs in muscle metabolism during exerise?</p>

A

<p>Use glycogen, make lactate if O2 is limiting.</p>

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34
Q

<p>What occurs in muscle metabolism during exerise?</p>

A

<p>Use glycogen, make lactate if O2 is limiting.</p>

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35
Q

<p>What happens to the levels of Glucose, Insulin, and glucagon in the blood during the basal state?`</p>

A

<p>Glucose and insulin decreases; glucagon increases </p>

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35
Q

<p>What happens to the levels of Glucose, Insulin, and glucagon in the blood during the basal state?`</p>

A

<p>Glucose and insulin decreases; glucagon increases </p>

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36
Q

<p>What is used as an alternate fuel in the basal state?</p>

A

<p>Ketone bodies</p>

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36
Q

<p>What is used as an alternate fuel in the basal state?</p>

A

<p>Ketone bodies</p>

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37
Q

<p>Where are ketones formed?</p>

A

<p>In the liver</p>

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37
Q

<p>Where are ketones formed?</p>

A

<p>In the liver</p>

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38
Q

<p>What happens to the levels of Insulin and glucagon in the blood during the fed state?`</p>

A

<p>Insulin increases; Glucagon decreases</p>

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38
Q

<p>What happens to the levels of Insulin and glucagon in the blood during the fed state?`</p>

A

<p>Insulin increases; Glucagon decreases</p>

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39
Q

<p>What happens to the levels of Glucose, Insulin, and glucagon in the blood during the starved state?`</p>

A

<p>Glucose and insulin decreases; glucagon increases </p>

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39
Q

<p>What happens to the levels of Glucose, Insulin, and glucagon in the blood during the starved state?`</p>

A

<p>Glucose and insulin decreases; glucagon increases </p>

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40
Q

<p>What processes does insulin cause an increase in?</p>

A

<p>Glu uptake, Glc utilization, Protein syn, Lipogenesis, glycogenesis</p>

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40
Q

<p>What processes does insulin cause an increase in?</p>

A

<p>Glu uptake, Glc utilization, Protein syn, Lipogenesis, glycogenesis</p>

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41
Q

<p>What processes does insulin cause an decrease in?</p>

A

<p>Lipolysis, Glc output, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis</p>

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41
Q

<p>What processes does insulin cause an decrease in?</p>

A

<p>Lipolysis, Glc output, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis</p>

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42
Q

<p>What processes does glucagon cause an increase in?</p>

A

<p>Lipolysis, Glc output, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis</p>

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42
Q

<p>What processes does glucagon cause an increase in?</p>

A

<p>Lipolysis, Glc output, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis</p>

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43
Q

<p>What processes does glucagon cause an decrease in?</p>

A

<p>Glycogenesis</p>

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43
Q

<p>What processes does glucagon cause an decrease in?</p>

A

<p>Glycogenesis</p>

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45
Q

<p>What is the branch point for several metabolic pathways?</p>

A

<p>Glu-6-Phosphate</p>

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45
Q

<p>What is the branch point for several metabolic pathways?</p>

A

<p>Glu-6-Phosphate</p>

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46
Q

<p>Why can glucose not diffuse across the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?</p>

A

<p>It is polar</p>

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46
Q

<p>Why can glucose not diffuse across the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?</p>

A

<p>It is polar</p>

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47
Q

<p>How does glucose get across the membrane?</p>

A

<p>It binds to transport proteins that bind glucose on one side of the membrane and release it on the opposite side.</p>

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47
Q

<p>How does glucose get across the membrane?</p>

A

<p>It binds to transport proteins that bind glucose on one side of the membrane and release it on the opposite side.</p>

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48
Q

<p>What are the two types of transport proteins in intestinal epithelial cells?</p>

A

<p>Na+ dependent glucose transporter; Facilitative glucose transporter</p>

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48
Q

<p>What are the two types of transport proteins in intestinal epithelial cells?</p>

A

<p>Na+ dependent glucose transporter; Facilitative glucose transporter</p>

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49
Q

<p>Where do the Na+ dependent glucose transporters reside?</p>

A

<p>On the lumenal side of absorptive epithelial cells</p>

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49
Q

<p>Where do the Na+ dependent glucose transporters reside?</p>

A

<p>On the lumenal side of absorptive epithelial cells</p>

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50
Q

<p>What is the role of Na+K+ATPase?</p>

A

<p>Keeps intracellular Na+ low</p>

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50
Q

<p>What is the role of Na+K+ATPase?</p>

A

<p>Keeps intracellular Na+ low</p>

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51
Q

<p>T/F Glucose transport goes from low to high conc. in Na+ transport</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

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51
Q

<p>T/F Glucose transport goes from low to high conc. in Na+ transport</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

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52
Q

<p>T/F Na+ transport goes from high to low conc.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

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52
Q

<p>T/F Na+ transport goes from high to low conc.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

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53
Q

<p>T/F Facilitative Glucose Transporters move glucose from high conc to low conc w/o the expenditure of energy.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

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53
Q

<p>T/F Facilitative Glucose Transporters move glucose from high conc to low conc w/o the expenditure of energy.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

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54
Q

<p>Where are the amino and carboxy-terminal residues of the facilitative glucose transporters located?</p>

A

<p>In the cytoplasm.</p>

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54
Q

<p>Where are the amino and carboxy-terminal residues of the facilitative glucose transporters located?</p>

A

<p>In the cytoplasm.</p>

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55
Q

<p>How many glucose transport proteins are in the family of Facilitative glucose transporters?</p>

A

<p>Five</p>

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55
Q

<p>How many glucose transport proteins are in the family of Facilitative glucose transporters?</p>

A

<p>Five</p>

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56
Q

<p>What is the Km of GLUT 1?</p>

A

<p>1 mM</p>

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56
Q

<p>What is the Km of GLUT 1?</p>

A

<p>1 mM</p>

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57
Q

<p>What is the tissue location of GLUT2?</p>

A

<p>Liver and pancreatic B cells</p>

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57
Q

<p>What is the tissue location of GLUT2?</p>

A

<p>Liver and pancreatic B cells</p>

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58
Q

<p>What is the Km of GLUT2?</p>

A

<p>15-20mM</p>

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58
Q

<p>What is the Km of GLUT2?</p>

A

<p>15-20mM</p>

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59
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT2?</p>

A

<p>Plays a role in the regulation of insulin in the the pancreas; Removes excess glucose from the blood in the liver.</p>

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59
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT2?</p>

A

<p>Plays a role in the regulation of insulin in the the pancreas; Removes excess glucose from the blood in the liver.</p>

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60
Q

<p>What is the tissue location of GLUT4?</p>

A

<p>Muscle and fat cells</p>

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60
Q

<p>What is the tissue location of GLUT4?</p>

A

<p>Muscle and fat cells</p>

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61
Q

<p>What is the Km of GLUT4?</p>

A

<p>5mM</p>

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61
Q

<p>What is the Km of GLUT4?</p>

A

<p>5mM</p>

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62
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT4?</p>

A

<p>The amount in muscle plasma membrane increases with endurance training.</p>

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62
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT4?</p>

A

<p>The amount in muscle plasma membrane increases with endurance training.</p>

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63
Q

<p>What is the tissue location of GLUT5?</p>

A

<p>Small intestine</p>

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63
Q

<p>What is the tissue location of GLUT5?</p>

A

<p>Small intestine</p>

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64
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT5?</p>

A

<p>Primarily a fructose transporter</p>

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64
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT5?</p>

A

<p>Primarily a fructose transporter</p>

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65
Q

<p>How does glucose bin to the transport protein in facilitative glucose transport?</p>

A

<p>Via interactions with its hydroxyl groups</p>

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65
Q

<p>How does glucose bin to the transport protein in facilitative glucose transport?</p>

A

<p>Via interactions with its hydroxyl groups</p>

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66
Q

<p>What happens to the transport protein in facilitative Glucose transport when glucose is transported?</p>

A

<p>It undergoes a conformational change.</p>

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66
Q

<p>What happens to the transport protein in facilitative Glucose transport when glucose is transported?</p>

A

<p>It undergoes a conformational change.</p>

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67
Q

<p>What happped to the transport protein as glucose is released to the other side of the membrane?</p>

A

<p>It closes</p>

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67
Q

<p>What happped to the transport protein as glucose is released to the other side of the membrane?</p>

A

<p>It closes</p>

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68
Q

<p>What does the type of GLUT expressed by the cells reflect?</p>

A

<p>The function of glucose metabolism in that tissue.</p>

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68
Q

<p>What does the type of GLUT expressed by the cells reflect?</p>

A

<p>The function of glucose metabolism in that tissue.</p>

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69
Q

<p>Which GLUT is expressed on the surface of a red blood cell?</p>

A

<p>GLUT1</p>

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69
Q

<p>Which GLUT is expressed on the surface of a red blood cell?</p>

A

<p>GLUT1</p>

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70
Q

<p>What stimulates the recruitment of GLUT4 to the membrane to increase glucose transport?</p>

A

<p>Insulin</p>

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70
Q

<p>What stimulates the recruitment of GLUT4 to the membrane to increase glucose transport?</p>

A

<p>Insulin</p>

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71
Q

<p>What is an important function of the liver?</p>

A

<p>To maintain blood glucose levels</p>

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71
Q

<p>What is an important function of the liver?</p>

A

<p>To maintain blood glucose levels</p>

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72
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT2 in the pancreas?</p>

A

<p>Stimulates glucose uptake in pancreatic B-cells</p>

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72
Q

<p>What is the role of GLUT2 in the pancreas?</p>

A

<p>Stimulates glucose uptake in pancreatic B-cells</p>

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73
Q

<p>What does an elevated ATP/ADP ratio result in?</p>

A

<p>An increase in cytosolic Ca++</p>

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73
Q

<p>What does an elevated ATP/ADP ratio result in?</p>

A

<p>An increase in cytosolic Ca++</p>

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74
Q

<p>What does an increase in cytosolic Ca++ cause?</p>

A

<p>It triggers the fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with the plasma membrant releasing insulin.</p>

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74
Q

<p>What does an increase in cytosolic Ca++ cause?</p>

A

<p>It triggers the fusion of insulin-containing vesicles with the plasma membrant releasing insulin.</p>

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75
Q

<p>What are some of the symptoms of decreased supply of glucose to the brain?</p>

A

<p>Lightheadedness, dizziness, coma</p>

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75
Q

<p>What are some of the symptoms of decreased supply of glucose to the brain?</p>

A

<p>Lightheadedness, dizziness, coma</p>

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76
Q

<p>What is the decreased supply of glucose to the brain due to?</p>

A

<p>A slow rate of glucose transport through the blood brain barrier.</p>

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76
Q

<p>What is the decreased supply of glucose to the brain due to?</p>

A

<p>A slow rate of glucose transport through the blood brain barrier.</p>

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77
Q

<p>What are the characteristics of the Neural Blood-Brain barrier?</p>

A

<p>1. Tight junctions between endothelial cells; 2. Narrow intercellular space; 3. Lack of pinocytosis; 4. Continuous basement membrane; 5. Glucose transporters in both membranes.</p>

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77
Q

<p>What are the characteristics of the Neural Blood-Brain barrier?</p>

A

<p>1. Tight junctions between endothelial cells; 2. Narrow intercellular space; 3. Lack of pinocytosis; 4. Continuous basement membrane; 5. Glucose transporters in both membranes.</p>

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78
Q

<p>What phosphorylates glucose once it enters a cell?</p>

A

<p>Hexokinase (HK)</p>

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78
Q

<p>What phosphorylates glucose once it enters a cell?</p>

A

<p>Hexokinase (HK)</p>

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79
Q

<p>What are the different metabolic pathways that glucose-6-phosphate can enter?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis; Pentose Phosphate pathway; Glycogen Synthesis</p>

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79
Q

<p>What are the different metabolic pathways that glucose-6-phosphate can enter?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis; Pentose Phosphate pathway; Glycogen Synthesis</p>

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80
Q

<p>What are the functions of glucose phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>Controls the amount of glc taken up by cells; activates glc for further metabolism; keeps glc within cell; determines the direction of glc metabolism</p>

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80
Q

<p>What are the functions of glucose phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>Controls the amount of glc taken up by cells; activates glc for further metabolism; keeps glc within cell; determines the direction of glc metabolism</p>

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81
Q

<p>What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate back to glucose?</p>

A

<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>

81
Q

<p>What enzyme converts glucose-6-phosphate back to glucose?</p>

A

<p>Glucose-6-phosphatase</p>

82
Q

<p>What catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism?</p>

A

<p>Hexokinase (HK)</p>

82
Q

<p>What catalyzes the first step in glucose metabolism?</p>

A

<p>Hexokinase (HK)</p>

83
Q

<p>What is the first step in glucose metabolism?</p>

A

<p>The transfer of phosphate from ATP to glucose resulting in glucose-6-phosphate</p>

83
Q

<p>What is the first step in glucose metabolism?</p>

A

<p>The transfer of phosphate from ATP to glucose resulting in glucose-6-phosphate</p>

84
Q

<p>What is HK IV also called?</p>

A

<p>Glucokinase (GK)</p>

84
Q

<p>What is HK IV also called?</p>

A

<p>Glucokinase (GK)</p>

85
Q

<p>What tissues are GK distributed in?</p>

A

<p>Liver, B-cells of pancreas</p>

85
Q

<p>What tissues are GK distributed in?</p>

A

<p>Liver, B-cells of pancreas</p>

86
Q

<p>What is the Km for HK?</p>

A

<p>~0.1mM or lower</p>

86
Q

<p>What is the Km for HK?</p>

A

<p>~0.1mM or lower</p>

87
Q

<p>What is the KM for GK?</p>

A

<p>10-20mM</p>

87
Q

<p>What is the KM for GK?</p>

A

<p>10-20mM</p>

88
Q

<p>What is HK inhibited by?</p>

A

<p>Glu-6-Phosphate</p>

88
Q

<p>What is HK inhibited by?</p>

A

<p>Glu-6-Phosphate</p>

89
Q

<p>What is GK induced by?</p>

A

<p>Insulin</p>

89
Q

<p>What is GK induced by?</p>

A

<p>Insulin</p>

90
Q

<p>Where is glucose-6-phosphatase found?</p>

A

<p>In the liver and kidney</p>

90
Q

<p>Where is glucose-6-phosphatase found?</p>

A

<p>In the liver and kidney</p>

92
Q

<p>What is the function of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Oxidation of glucose to generate ATP and lactate under anaerobic conditions via oxygen-independent substrate level phosphorylation</p>

92
Q

<p>What is the function of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Oxidation of glucose to generate ATP and lactate under anaerobic conditions via oxygen-independent substrate level phosphorylation</p>

93
Q

<p>What is pyruvate further oxidized by?</p>

A

<p>The PDH complex, the citric acid cycle and the ETC and oxidation phosphorylation</p>

93
Q

<p>What is pyruvate further oxidized by?</p>

A

<p>The PDH complex, the citric acid cycle and the ETC and oxidation phosphorylation</p>

94
Q

<p>Where are the glycolytic enzymes found?</p>

A

<p>In the cytosol</p>

94
Q

<p>Where are the glycolytic enzymes found?</p>

A

<p>In the cytosol</p>

95
Q

<p>T/F Glycolysis is oxygen independent</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

95
Q

<p>T/F Glycolysis is oxygen independent</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

96
Q

<p>What does the metabolism of the products depend on?</p>

A

<p>The availability of oxygen</p>

96
Q

<p>What does the metabolism of the products depend on?</p>

A

<p>The availability of oxygen</p>

97
Q

<p>What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?</p>

A

<p>It is completely oxidized and electrons from glycolytic NADH enter the mitochondria for ATP generation.</p>

97
Q

<p>What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?</p>

A

<p>It is completely oxidized and electrons from glycolytic NADH enter the mitochondria for ATP generation.</p>

98
Q

<p>What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate and NADH are used to form lactate via the LDH reaction.</p>

98
Q

<p>What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate and NADH are used to form lactate via the LDH reaction.</p>

99
Q

<p>What is the significance of the LDH reaction?</p>

A

<p>NAD+ is regenerated for glycolysis.</p>

99
Q

<p>What is the significance of the LDH reaction?</p>

A

<p>NAD+ is regenerated for glycolysis.</p>

100
Q

<p>How many ATPs are formed per glucose oxidized to pyruvate?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

100
Q

<p>How many ATPs are formed per glucose oxidized to pyruvate?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

101
Q

<p>What are the shuttles that transfer electrons from glycolytic formed NADH into the mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>Malate shuttle and glycerol phosphate shuttle</p>

101
Q

<p>What are the shuttles that transfer electrons from glycolytic formed NADH into the mitochondria?</p>

A

<p>Malate shuttle and glycerol phosphate shuttle</p>

102
Q

<p>What does the energy utilizing phase involve?</p>

A

<p>Phosphorylation of glucose by HK or GK and PFK-1 to form fru-1,6-bisphosphate</p>

102
Q

<p>What does the energy utilizing phase involve?</p>

A

<p>Phosphorylation of glucose by HK or GK and PFK-1 to form fru-1,6-bisphosphate</p>

103
Q

<p>How many ATPs are required for the energy-utilizing phase?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

103
Q

<p>How many ATPs are required for the energy-utilizing phase?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

104
Q

<p>What does the energy-generating phase involve?</p>

A

<p>Clevage by aldolase; oxidation by glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase with NADH formation; and synthesis of ATP</p>

104
Q

<p>What does the energy-generating phase involve?</p>

A

<p>Clevage by aldolase; oxidation by glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase with NADH formation; and synthesis of ATP</p>

105
Q

<p>How many moles of ATP are produced from the energy-generating phase?</p>

A

<p>4</p>

105
Q

<p>How many moles of ATP are produced from the energy-generating phase?</p>

A

<p>4</p>

106
Q

<p>how many substrate-level phosphorylation reactions occur during the energy-generating phase?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

106
Q

<p>how many substrate-level phosphorylation reactions occur during the energy-generating phase?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

107
Q

<p>What sugars other than glucose can feed carbons into the glycolytic pathway?</p>

A

<p>fructose, galactose, mannose, pentose sugars, glycerol</p>

107
Q

<p>What sugars other than glucose can feed carbons into the glycolytic pathway?</p>

A

<p>fructose, galactose, mannose, pentose sugars, glycerol</p>

108
Q

<p>T/F GK has a high specificity for glucose.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

108
Q

<p>T/F GK has a high specificity for glucose.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

109
Q

<p>What is phosphofructokinase inhibited by?</p>

A

<p>ATP and citrate</p>

109
Q

<p>What is phosphofructokinase inhibited by?</p>

A

<p>ATP and citrate</p>

110
Q

<p>What is phosphofructokinase activated by?</p>

A

<p>AMP and Fru-2,6-bisphosphate</p>

110
Q

<p>What is phosphofructokinase activated by?</p>

A

<p>AMP and Fru-2,6-bisphosphate</p>

111
Q

<p>What is an important regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Fru-2-6-bisphosphate</p>

111
Q

<p>What is an important regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?</p>

A

<p>Fru-2-6-bisphosphate</p>

112
Q

<p>What lowers the concentration of fru-2,6-bisphosphate?</p>

A

<p>Glucagon acting through cAMP</p>

112
Q

<p>What lowers the concentration of fru-2,6-bisphosphate?</p>

A

<p>Glucagon acting through cAMP</p>

113
Q

<p>T/F The conc of Fru-2,6-bisphosphate is high in the fed state and low in the fasting state.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

113
Q

<p>T/F The conc of Fru-2,6-bisphosphate is high in the fed state and low in the fasting state.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

114
Q

<p>What does the low conc of fru-2,6-bisphosphate cause?</p>

A

<p>It decreases glycolysis and increases gluconeogenesis</p>

114
Q

<p>What does the low conc of fru-2,6-bisphosphate cause?</p>

A

<p>It decreases glycolysis and increases gluconeogenesis</p>

115
Q

<p>What is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?</p>

A

<p>ATP and alanine</p>

115
Q

<p>What is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?</p>

A

<p>ATP and alanine</p>

116
Q

<p>What is pyruvate kinase activated by?</p>

A

<p>Fru-1,6-P2</p>

116
Q

<p>What is pyruvate kinase activated by?</p>

A

<p>Fru-1,6-P2</p>

117
Q

<p>What inactivates pyruvate kinase?</p>

A

<p>It being phosphorylated by glucagon via protein kinase A; promoting gluconeogenesis</p>

117
Q

<p>What inactivates pyruvate kinase?</p>

A

<p>It being phosphorylated by glucagon via protein kinase A; promoting gluconeogenesis</p>

118
Q

<p>What does the alanine inhibition of hepatic PK promote?</p>

A

<p>Gluconeogenesis</p>

118
Q

<p>What does the alanine inhibition of hepatic PK promote?</p>

A

<p>Gluconeogenesis</p>

119
Q

<p>How many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of NADH oxidized?</p>

A

<p>2.5</p>

119
Q

<p>How many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of NADH oxidized?</p>

A

<p>2.5</p>

120
Q

<p>How many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of FADH2 oxidized?</p>

A

<p>1.5</p>

120
Q

<p>How many moles of ATP are formed for each mole of FADH2 oxidized?</p>

A

<p>1.5</p>

121
Q

<p>What compound dereases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?</p>

A

<p>2,3-BPG</p>

121
Q

<p>What compound dereases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?</p>

A

<p>2,3-BPG</p>

122
Q

<p>Where in 2,3-BPG found in high concentration?</p>

A

<p>RBC</p>

122
Q

<p>Where in 2,3-BPG found in high concentration?</p>

A

<p>RBC</p>

123
Q

<p>What is lost when 2,3-BpG is synthesized?</p>

A

<p>An ATP</p>

123
Q

<p>What is lost when 2,3-BpG is synthesized?</p>

A

<p>An ATP</p>

124
Q

<p>What can 2,3-BPG be converted to that will re-enter the glycolytic pathway?</p>

A

<p>3-phosphoglycerate</p>

124
Q

<p>What can 2,3-BPG be converted to that will re-enter the glycolytic pathway?</p>

A

<p>3-phosphoglycerate</p>

125
Q

<p>What is substrate level phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>The creation of a high-energy phosphate bond in a metabolite by a mechanism other than electron flow in the mitochondria membrane.</p>

125
Q

<p>What is substrate level phosphorylation?</p>

A

<p>The creation of a high-energy phosphate bond in a metabolite by a mechanism other than electron flow in the mitochondria membrane.</p>

126
Q

<p>What is AST?</p>

A

<p>Aspartate amino transferase; intracellular enzymes in amion acid and carbohydrate metabolism.</p>

126
Q

<p>What is AST?</p>

A

<p>Aspartate amino transferase; intracellular enzymes in amion acid and carbohydrate metabolism.</p>

127
Q

<p>What is an end-product of anaerobic glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Lactate</p>

127
Q

<p>What is an end-product of anaerobic glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Lactate</p>

128
Q

<p>What is lactate produced by?</p>

A

<p>Erythrocytes and by skeletal muscle after exercise.</p>

128
Q

<p>What is lactate produced by?</p>

A

<p>Erythrocytes and by skeletal muscle after exercise.</p>

129
Q

<p>What is lactate normally metabolized by?</p>

A

<p>Liver and cardiac muscle</p>

129
Q

<p>What is lactate normally metabolized by?</p>

A

<p>Liver and cardiac muscle</p>

130
Q

<p>Under what conditions will lactate increase?</p>

A

<p>If there is poor delivery of oxygen to tissues and the oxygen levels are insufficient to support normal aerobic oxidation of glucose.</p>

130
Q

<p>Under what conditions will lactate increase?</p>

A

<p>If there is poor delivery of oxygen to tissues and the oxygen levels are insufficient to support normal aerobic oxidation of glucose.</p>

131
Q

<p>What does lactate production form?</p>

A

<p>Hydrogen ions</p>

131
Q

<p>What does lactate production form?</p>

A

<p>Hydrogen ions</p>

132
Q

<p>What does excess production of lactate result in?</p>

A

<p>lactate acidosis</p>

132
Q

<p>What does excess production of lactate result in?</p>

A

<p>lactate acidosis</p>

133
Q

<p>What does tissue hypoxia result in?</p>

A

<p>Increased lactate production through increased NADH levels; Type A lactic acidosis</p>

133
Q

<p>What does tissue hypoxia result in?</p>

A

<p>Increased lactate production through increased NADH levels; Type A lactic acidosis</p>

134
Q

<p>What is Type B lactic acidosis?</p>

A

<p>Lactate accumulation in the blood in the absence of tissue hypoxia; severe hepatic failure</p>

134
Q

<p>What is Type B lactic acidosis?</p>

A

<p>Lactate accumulation in the blood in the absence of tissue hypoxia; severe hepatic failure</p>

135
Q

<p>What does alcohol ingestion do?</p>

A

<p>Increases NADH levels; resulting in conversion of pyruvate to lactate.</p>

135
Q

<p>What does alcohol ingestion do?</p>

A

<p>Increases NADH levels; resulting in conversion of pyruvate to lactate.</p>

136
Q

<p>What decreases the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, causing pyruvate to accumulate and form lactate?</p>

A

<p>Thiamine deficiency (common in alcoholics)</p>

136
Q

<p>What decreases the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, causing pyruvate to accumulate and form lactate?</p>

A

<p>Thiamine deficiency (common in alcoholics)</p>

137
Q

<p>What is the anion gap?</p>

A

<p>The difference between the commonly measured serum anions and cations; around 12-18 mEq/L</p>

137
Q

<p>What is the anion gap?</p>

A

<p>The difference between the commonly measured serum anions and cations; around 12-18 mEq/L</p>

138
Q

<p>What are the disorders associated with glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Red cell glycolytic deficiencies; pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency; PFK-1 deficiency</p>

138
Q

<p>What are the disorders associated with glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Red cell glycolytic deficiencies; pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency; PFK-1 deficiency</p>

139
Q

<p>What are hemolytic anemias caused by?</p>

A

<p>Deficiencies of RBC glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase, gluc-6-phosphate isomerase, aldolase, triose phosphatte dehydrogenase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase; results in a deficiency of ATP</p>

139
Q

<p>What are hemolytic anemias caused by?</p>

A

<p>Deficiencies of RBC glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase, gluc-6-phosphate isomerase, aldolase, triose phosphatte dehydrogenase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase; results in a deficiency of ATP</p>

140
Q

<p>What does pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency cause?</p>

A

<p>Accumulation of pyruvate and lactate; resulting in lactic acidosis</p>

140
Q

<p>What does pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency cause?</p>

A

<p>Accumulation of pyruvate and lactate; resulting in lactic acidosis</p>

141
Q

<p>What is muscle PFK-1 deficiency classified as?</p>

A

<p>A glycogen storage disease</p>

141
Q

<p>What is muscle PFK-1 deficiency classified as?</p>

A

<p>A glycogen storage disease</p>

142
Q

<p>Which vitamins and coenzymes are involved in glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (nicotinic acid), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6)</p>

142
Q

<p>Which vitamins and coenzymes are involved in glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (nicotinic acid), Pantothenic acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6)</p>

143
Q

<p>What is the coenzyme for Thiamine?</p>

A

<p>Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)</p>

143
Q

<p>What is the coenzyme for Thiamine?</p>

A

<p>Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)</p>

144
Q

<p>What is the role of Thiamine?</p>

A

<p>Required for the complete oxidation of glucose via the PDH complex and the citric acid cycle.</p>

144
Q

<p>What is the role of Thiamine?</p>

A

<p>Required for the complete oxidation of glucose via the PDH complex and the citric acid cycle.</p>

145
Q

<p>What are the coenzymes for Riboflavin?</p>

A

<p>FAD and FADH2; FMN and FMNH2</p>

145
Q

<p>What are the coenzymes for Riboflavin?</p>

A

<p>FAD and FADH2; FMN and FMNH2</p>

146
Q

<p>What is the role of Riboflavin?</p>

A

<p>Required for the complete oxidation of glucose via pyruvate by the PDH complex and the citric acid cycle. Used in the glycerol-phosphate shuttle.</p>

146
Q

<p>What is the role of Riboflavin?</p>

A

<p>Required for the complete oxidation of glucose via pyruvate by the PDH complex and the citric acid cycle. Used in the glycerol-phosphate shuttle.</p>

147
Q

<p>What are the coenzymes for Niacin?</p>

A

<p>NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH</p>

147
Q

<p>What are the coenzymes for Niacin?</p>

A

<p>NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH</p>

148
Q

<p>What is the role of Niacin?</p>

A

<p>Required cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions. Used in the Malate Shuttle, LDH reaction, PDH complex, and citric acid cycle.</p>

148
Q

<p>What is the role of Niacin?</p>

A

<p>Required cofactor in oxidation-reduction reactions. Used in the Malate Shuttle, LDH reaction, PDH complex, and citric acid cycle.</p>

149
Q

<p>What is the coenzyme for Pantothenic acid?</p>

A

<p>Coenzyme A</p>

149
Q

<p>What is the coenzyme for Pantothenic acid?</p>

A

<p>Coenzyme A</p>

150
Q

<p>What is the role of Pantothenic acid?</p>

A

<p>Required for the complete oxidation of glucose via pyruvate by the PDH complex and the citric acid cycle. Involved in most reactions involving acyl group transfer and metabolism</p>

150
Q

<p>What is the role of Pantothenic acid?</p>

A

<p>Required for the complete oxidation of glucose via pyruvate by the PDH complex and the citric acid cycle. Involved in most reactions involving acyl group transfer and metabolism</p>

151
Q

<p>What is the coenzyme for Pyridoine?</p>

A

<p>Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)</p>

151
Q

<p>What is the coenzyme for Pyridoine?</p>

A

<p>Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)</p>

152
Q

<p>What is the role of Pyridoxine?</p>

A

<p>Used in transaminations.</p>

152
Q

<p>What is the role of Pyridoxine?</p>

A

<p>Used in transaminations.</p>

153
Q

<p>What is the principle pathway by which every cell generates ATP from glucose?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis</p>

153
Q

<p>What is the principle pathway by which every cell generates ATP from glucose?</p>

A

<p>Glycolysis</p>

154
Q

<p>T/F Glycolysis occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

154
Q

<p>T/F Glycolysis occurs under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

155
Q

<p>What is the subcellular localization of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Cytosol</p>

155
Q

<p>What is the subcellular localization of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Cytosol</p>

156
Q

<p>What does glycolysis begin with?</p>

A

<p>Either glucose or glycogen</p>

156
Q

<p>What does glycolysis begin with?</p>

A

<p>Either glucose or glycogen</p>

157
Q

<p>What are the two phases of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Preparative phase; ATP-generating phase</p>

157
Q

<p>What are the two phases of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Preparative phase; ATP-generating phase</p>

158
Q

<p>How many NADHs are generated in the ATP-generating phase?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

158
Q

<p>How many NADHs are generated in the ATP-generating phase?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

159
Q

<p>What are the regulated steps of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glucose ->G-6-P (HK); Fru-6-phos->Fru-1,6-bisphos (phosphofructokinase-1)</p>

159
Q

<p>What are the regulated steps of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Glucose ->G-6-P (HK); Fru-6-phos->Fru-1,6-bisphos (phosphofructokinase-1)</p>

160
Q

<p>How many triose phosphates are generated in the preparative phase of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

160
Q

<p>How many triose phosphates are generated in the preparative phase of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>2</p>

161
Q

<p>What is lactate oxidized back to?</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate</p>

161
Q

<p>What is lactate oxidized back to?</p>

A

<p>Pyruvate</p>

162
Q

<p>What is pyruvate used to synthesize?</p>

A

<p>Glucose</p>

162
Q

<p>What is pyruvate used to synthesize?</p>

A

<p>Glucose</p>

163
Q

<p>Under aerobic conditions what is pyruvate completely oxidized to? </p>

A

<p>CO2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase and the TCA cycle in the mitochondria.</p>

163
Q

<p>Under aerobic conditions what is pyruvate completely oxidized to? </p>

A

<p>CO2 by pyruvate dehydrogenase and the TCA cycle in the mitochondria.</p>

164
Q

<p>Where does the oxidation of cytosolic NADH back to NAD+ occur?</p>

A

<p>In the mitochondria via the electron transport chain.</p>

164
Q

<p>Where does the oxidation of cytosolic NADH back to NAD+ occur?</p>

A

<p>In the mitochondria via the electron transport chain.</p>

165
Q

<p>T/F the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

165
Q

<p>T/F the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH</p>

A

<p>TRUE</p>

166
Q

<p>What is the enzyme that works in the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?</p>

A

<p>glycerol 3-P dehydrogenase</p>

166
Q

<p>What is the enzyme that works in the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?</p>

A

<p>glycerol 3-P dehydrogenase</p>

167
Q

<p>What precursors for bioshythetic pathways does glycolysis provide?</p>

A

<p>Five-carbon sugars; 2,3-bis phosphoglycerate; serine; alanine; Glutamate; Fatta acids; Glycerol-P</p>

167
Q

<p>What precursors for bioshythetic pathways does glycolysis provide?</p>

A

<p>Five-carbon sugars; 2,3-bis phosphoglycerate; serine; alanine; Glutamate; Fatta acids; Glycerol-P</p>

168
Q

<p>What are the major requlatory enzymes of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase; Pyruvate kinase; Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p>

168
Q

<p>What are the major requlatory enzymes of glycolysis?</p>

A

<p>Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase; Pyruvate kinase; Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p>

169
Q

<p>How does ATP serve as an inhibitor of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>ATP binds to the substrate binding site as well as the inhibitory site.</p>

169
Q

<p>How does ATP serve as an inhibitor of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>ATP binds to the substrate binding site as well as the inhibitory site.</p>

170
Q

<p>How does citrate serve as an inhibitor of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>It is a sign that the citric acid cycle is saturated and glycolysis is not needed.</p>

170
Q

<p>How does citrate serve as an inhibitor of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>It is a sign that the citric acid cycle is saturated and glycolysis is not needed.</p>

171
Q

<p>How does AMP serve as an activator of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>It binds to the activator site and increase of PFK-1 for F-6-P.</p>

171
Q

<p>How does AMP serve as an activator of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>It binds to the activator site and increase of PFK-1 for F-6-P.</p>

172
Q

<p>What is the most potent activator of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>Fructose 2,6 bis-phosphate.</p>

172
Q

<p>What is the most potent activator of PFK-1?</p>

A

<p>Fructose 2,6 bis-phosphate.</p>

173
Q

<p>What does F-2,6-P do?</p>

A

<p>Binds to PFK-1 and removes the inhibitory effect of ATP and turns glycolysis ON.</p>

173
Q

<p>What does F-2,6-P do?</p>

A

<p>Binds to PFK-1 and removes the inhibitory effect of ATP and turns glycolysis ON.</p>

174
Q

<p>What is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated by?</p>

A

<p>The rate of ATP utilization</p>

174
Q

<p>What is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated by?</p>

A

<p>The rate of ATP utilization</p>

176
Q

<p>What must all carbs be digested to in order to be metabolized?</p>

A

<p>Monosaccharides</p>

176
Q

<p>What must all carbs be digested to in order to be metabolized?</p>

A

<p>Monosaccharides</p>

177
Q

<p>What are the major dietary carbohydrates?</p>

A

<p>Starch, sucrose, lactose</p>

177
Q

<p>What are the major dietary carbohydrates?</p>

A

<p>Starch, sucrose, lactose</p>

178
Q

<p>What is starch composed of?</p>

A

<p>Amylose and amylopectin</p>

178
Q

<p>What is starch composed of?</p>

A

<p>Amylose and amylopectin</p>

179
Q

<p>What is amylose?</p>

A

<p>Unbranched chains composed of glucose residues linked alpha-1,4-</p>

179
Q

<p>What is amylose?</p>

A

<p>Unbranched chains composed of glucose residues linked alpha-1,4-</p>

180
Q

<p>What is amylopectin?</p>

A

<p>Alpha-1,4- linked chains with alpha 1-6-linked branches.</p>

180
Q

<p>What is amylopectin?</p>

A

<p>Alpha-1,4- linked chains with alpha 1-6-linked branches.</p>

181
Q

<p>What is sucrose made up of?</p>

A

<p>Glucose and Fructose</p>

181
Q

<p>What is sucrose made up of?</p>

A

<p>Glucose and Fructose</p>

182
Q

<p>What is lactose made up of?</p>

A

<p>Galactose and Glucose</p>

182
Q

<p>What is lactose made up of?</p>

A

<p>Galactose and Glucose</p>

183
Q

<p>What are the two types of amylase?</p>

A

<p>Salivary and pancreatic</p>

183
Q

<p>What are the two types of amylase?</p>

A

<p>Salivary and pancreatic</p>

184
Q

<p>Where does pancreatic amylase work?</p>

A

<p>In the lumen of the intestine</p>

184
Q

<p>Where does pancreatic amylase work?</p>

A

<p>In the lumen of the intestine</p>

185
Q

<p>How do salivary and pancreatic amylases begin the process of digestion of polysaccarides?</p>

A

<p>By hydrolyzing starch and glycogen.</p>

185
Q

<p>How do salivary and pancreatic amylases begin the process of digestion of polysaccarides?</p>

A

<p>By hydrolyzing starch and glycogen.</p>

186
Q

<p>What linkages does amylase hydrolyze?</p>

A

<p>Alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages forming maltose, maltotriose, glucose, and limit dextrins</p>

186
Q

<p>What linkages does amylase hydrolyze?</p>

A

<p>Alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages forming maltose, maltotriose, glucose, and limit dextrins</p>

187
Q

<p>Where are disaccharidases located?</p>

A

<p>In the intestinal villa</p>

187
Q

<p>Where are disaccharidases located?</p>

A

<p>In the intestinal villa</p>

188
Q

<p>What is the role of the glucoamylase complex?</p>

A

<p>Cleaves glucose from the nonreducing end of oligosaccharides, and cleaves maltose and isomaltase. </p>

188
Q

<p>What is the role of the glucoamylase complex?</p>

A

<p>Cleaves glucose from the nonreducing end of oligosaccharides, and cleaves maltose and isomaltase. </p>

189
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal maltase activity does the glucoamylase complex have?</p>

A

<p>20%</p>

189
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal maltase activity does the glucoamylase complex have?</p>

A

<p>20%</p>

190
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal isomaltase activity does the glucoamylase complex have?</p>

A

<p>10%</p>

190
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal isomaltase activity does the glucoamylase complex have?</p>

A

<p>10%</p>

191
Q

<p>What is the role of the sucrase-isomaltase complex?</p>

A

<p>Cleaves alpha-1,4-, and alpha-1,6-linkages.</p>

191
Q

<p>What is the role of the sucrase-isomaltase complex?</p>

A

<p>Cleaves alpha-1,4-, and alpha-1,6-linkages.</p>

192
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal maltase activity does the Sucrase-isomaltase complex have?</p>

A

<p>80%</p>

192
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal maltase activity does the Sucrase-isomaltase complex have?</p>

A

<p>80%</p>

193
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal isomaltase activity does the sucrase-isomaltase complex have?</p>

A

<p>>90%</p>

193
Q

<p>How much of the total intestinal isomaltase activity does the sucrase-isomaltase complex have?</p>

A

<p>>90%</p>

194
Q

<p>Which end does glucoamylase work first?</p>

A

<p>The non-reducing end</p>

194
Q

<p>Which end does glucoamylase work first?</p>

A

<p>The non-reducing end</p>

195
Q

<p>What does lactase do?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes the beta-1,4-linkages found in lactose, and in some complex lipids.</p>

195
Q

<p>What does lactase do?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes the beta-1,4-linkages found in lactose, and in some complex lipids.</p>

196
Q

<p>What does trehalase do?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes the alpha-1,1,-linkage found in trehalose</p>

196
Q

<p>What does trehalase do?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes the alpha-1,1,-linkage found in trehalose</p>

197
Q

<p>What is trehalose?</p>

A

<p>A disaccharide composed of 2 glucose residues linked alpha-1,1-)</p>

197
Q

<p>What is trehalose?</p>

A

<p>A disaccharide composed of 2 glucose residues linked alpha-1,1-)</p>

198
Q

<p>What is the activity of maltase?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes alpha-1,4,-glycosidic linkages; cleaves maltose</p>

198
Q

<p>What is the activity of maltase?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes alpha-1,4,-glycosidic linkages; cleaves maltose</p>

199
Q

<p>What is the activity of Isomaltase?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes alpha-1,6,-glycosidic linkages; cleaves isomaltose</p>

199
Q

<p>What is the activity of Isomaltase?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes alpha-1,6,-glycosidic linkages; cleaves isomaltose</p>

200
Q

<p>What is the activty of sucrase?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes B-1,4 gylcosidis linkages; hydrolyze lactose to Glc and Gal</p>

200
Q

<p>What is the activty of sucrase?</p>

A

<p>Hydrolyzes B-1,4 gylcosidis linkages; hydrolyze lactose to Glc and Gal</p>

MBOD Block 4 (5 decks)

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