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mbio exam 2 Flashcards

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41
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42
Q

must Have O2 to survive

A

Obligate aerobes

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43
Q

can grow in the presence or absence of O2

A

Facultative anarobes

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44
Q

Do not need O2 but can survive in presece of O2

A

Aerotolerant & anarobes

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45
Q

Survive only when levels of O2 are low

A

microaerophiles

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46
Q

Survive only when levels of CO2 are high

A

Caphophiles

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47
Q

Any o2 eill kill the bacteria

A

Obligate Anarobes

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48
Q

the ability or inablity to live in the presence of O2

A

aerotolerance

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49
Q

Bacteria will grow in the tube where the O2 level is _ for that organism.

A

optimal

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50
Q

Autoclaving a capped tube of media will remove most of the free O2 . as the media cools O2 will start to _ back into the media. Creating a __ where there will be __ O2 at the surface of the media while the bottem of the tube will have ___ O2.

A

Diffuse

Concentration Gradiant

Higher

No

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51
Q

Adjusting to new enviroment ___ metabolic activity ( no division) and length of lag depends on how extream of an enviroment change.

A

This is the-Lag Phase

High

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52
Q

Bacteria begin to divide at maximum growth rate the growthis __ and will last as long as sufficent __ and favorable conditions are present

A

this is the- Log Phase

exponitial

nurients

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53
Q

Eventually nutrients become limited and ___ products begin to accumulate. In this phase the ___ rate equals the ___ .

A

this is the- Stationary phase

Wast

growth

death rate

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54
Q

All ___ have been depleted and the accumulated wast products make the enviroment ___.

A

this is the -Death Phase

Nutrients

Toxic

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55
Q

Phases of the bacterial growth curve

A

lag phase

log phase

Stationary phase

Death phase

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56
Q

the bacterial growth curve provides ______ information about a bacterial species.

A

length fo time in each phase of growth

optimal growth conditions

mean generation time of the organism.

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57
Q

bacterial are ___ and can be found in many diffrent habitates.

A

Ubiquitous

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58
Q

Some Possible conditions that bacteria may encounter _____,____, and _____

A

temps

PH

Osmotic pressure

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59
Q

Minimal, optimal and maximal temperatures at which bacterium can grow

A

Cardial Temperatures

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60
Q

Grow @ range of < 20 C

found in ___ , and ____.

Human Pathogen?

A

Psychrophiles

23-86 F

alpine soil

Ice feilds

No

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61
Q

Grow at range of 0 C- 30 C ____F. found in ____, ____ and ____.

Human Pathogens?

A

Psychrophiles

23-86 f

soil, surface water, and food.

Yes can be human pathogens

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62
Q

Grow at range of ~15 c to~40 c _____F

Human Pathogens?

A

Mesophiles

59-130 F

Yes can be human pathogens and cause deisease.

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63
Q

Range ~40 to ~75 C ______F found____.

A

Thermophiles

104-167 F

found in hot springs

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64
Q

Grow at a range of ~65C to ~110 C _____F. where are they found?

A

Hyperthermophiles

149-230 F

ocean floor

thermal vents and ridges

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65
Q

PH is the ______ of ______ ions measured on the _______ scale?

A

Concentration

H+

logmarihmic

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66
Q

As H+ increases the PH ______ and the solution becomes ______?

A

goes down

acidic

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67
Q

As H+ decreases the PH ______ and the solution becomes ______?

A

goes up

Basic

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68
Q

three major catogories for bacteria based on PH?

A

Acidophile

Nuetrophile

Alkaphile

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69
Q

grow well in acidic enviroments…

Ph of <= 4.5-5.5

A

Acidophile

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70
Q

Stomach acid has a PH Of?

A

1-2=PH

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71
Q

Grow well at neutral Ph between 5.5 & 8

A

Nuetrophile

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72
Q

Most human pathogens are ______

A

Neutrophiles.

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73
Q

Human blood has a PH of ?

A

PH- 7.4

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74
Q

Grow well in basic/ a;la;ome PH of >= 8-8.5

A

Alkaphile

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75
Q

H2o is essential for all forms of life including bacteri. Bacteria need water to maintain_______. this is necessary so that cells do not _____ or ______.

A

Turgor pressure

lysis

plasmolysis

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76
Q

To regulate this turgor pressure bacteria use _____ and _____ ions to maintain a _______ in which there are more ions inside the cell than outside.

A

Na+

K+

Concentration gradiunt

77
Q

We know that through the process of _____ water moves from areas of ____ ion concentration to areas of ____- concentration to maintain/ achieve equilibrium.

A

Osmosis

low

high

78
Q

______ is the mesure of the force with which H2o flows during osmosis.

A

Osmotic Pressure.

79
Q

three types of Osmotic enviroments a bacteria can encounter.

A

Hypotonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

80
Q

Higher solute inside the cell than out

low osmotic pressure

_h20 moves into the cell

cell wall lysis

A

Hypotonic

81
Q

equal solute can go inside and outside the cell

A

Isotonic

82
Q

Low solute can be inside than outside the cell

High osmotic pressure

H20 moves out of cell

cell wall plasmolysis

A

Hypertonic

83
Q

Salinity amount of salt in a solution can affect the growth of bacteria. most bacteria grow in concentration less than ____ %

A

3%

84
Q

Human pathogens prefer the _____% of ______ and _____.

A

.9% nacl

blood

Urine

85
Q

certain bacteria love and grow optimally in Nacl concentrations greater than 3% and are called ________.

A

Haleophiles.

86
Q

In addition you also find Extream Halophiles that only survive in Nacl concentration of ____ to ____.

A

15

25

87
Q

If bacteria can grow over a wide rage of Nacl cnacentrations it is called _________.

A

osmotolerant bacteria.

88
Q

Direct count metohods

A

Plate count

Filtration

Most probable Numbers

Direct Counts

89
Q

indirect count metods

A

Metabolic activity

dry weight measures

Turbidity

90
Q

a Spectrophotometer is used to measure __________ of a sample.. A _________ of light is passed through the sample where the photo detector converts the light energy into an ________ which can be used to mesure the amount of light ________ by the sample.

A

turbidity

Monochromatic ( single wavelenght)

electric signal

transmittence % of absorbance

91
Q

______ or _______ is the amount of light neither transmitted or reflected by the sample.

A

absorbance

optical density

92
Q

absorbance range from 0-1.99 A anything above that needs to be ______.

A

diluted

93
Q

There is a ______ relationship between the amount of light absorbed and the concentration of cells in a sample.

A

Direct -linerar

94
Q

Low absorbance =

A

low # of bacteria

Lowest turbidity

95
Q

high absorbance

A

High # of bacteria

Higher turbidity

96
Q

what do Mc farland standards repersent?

A

A set of refrence smaples of diffrent turbidity that can be used to estimate the # of bacterial cells in a sample.

97
Q

Bacteria replicate by

A

Bianery fission

98
Q

is the time it takes bacteria to get from 2^x to 2^x+1

A

doubling /generation time

99
Q

it takes _____ salmonella to cause illness and theier doubling time is about _____ min.

A

500

20

100
Q

NF=Ni(2^n)

A

Nf=#of cells at final time point

Ni= # of cells at initial time point

N=#of generations

101
Q

doubling times vary by species and enviroment factors and can range from ______ min to ______ days . the average doubling time is _____ to ____ min.

A

10 min

30 days

20 min

60 min

102
Q

_______ can be used to check the various effects of enviromental changes to a bacteriums growth.

A

closed growth system

103
Q

In a closed growth System No ______ are added and No ________ are removed

A

nutrients

waste products

104
Q

Mesaures a bacterial population

Mesaures the number of viable cells (cfuS)

A

Plate counts

105
Q

Stattistical estimates metod for mesuring a population ( mpn /100 ml)

A

Most portable Numbers

106
Q

Mesaures a bacteria population based on the fact that bacterium cannot pass through pors of membran filter.

A

filtration

107
Q

Mesaure the number of bacteria cells in a sample.

manual counts using Petroff Hausser counting chamber

A

Direct Counts

108
Q

estimates bacterial #’s by measuring the metabolic activity of a bacterial population… production of O2 and acide.

A

Metabolic activity

109
Q

Estimate bacterial #’s by mesuring the weight of bacterial population

A

dry weight mesure

110
Q

Estimate bacterial #’s by mesureing turbidity of growing bacteria.

A

turbidity.

111
Q

what are the three fluid thioglycollate medium

A

Sodium Thioglycollate

L-cystine

Resazurin

112
Q

reducing agent for Sodium Thioglycollate

A

reduces O2—->H2O

113
Q

reducing agent for L-cystine

A

reduces O2—-> H2O

114
Q

reducing agent for resazurin

A

oxidation reduction indicator

red/pink= presence of O2

yellow/straw= absence of O2

115
Q

can aerotolerance be determined with agar plates? how?

A

yes however plates have to be incubated under arobic and anarobic conditions.

116
Q

Methylene Blue indicator strip in gas jar turns_____ in the ____ of _____.

A

Blue

presence

O2

white = absence of O2

117
Q

In the Anarobic Jar experiment if conditions are not achived what happens?

A

strip remains blue - means there is a hole in the bag

118
Q

what does the Oxidation Fermintation test tell Us?

A

which catabolic pathway a bacteria uses

119
Q

O2 is the final electron acceptor

Must be in an AEROBIC enviroment- oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration/Oxidation

120
Q

Other ORGANIC molecule is the final electron acceptor

either AEROBIC or ANAEROBIC

(presence) or ( absence)

A

Fermentation

121
Q

occures only in the presence of O2

A

Aerobic respiration

122
Q

can occure in the presence or absence of O2

A

Fermentation.

123
Q

produces small acidic intermediat compounds

A

Arobic respiration.

124
Q

large acid compounds produced

A

Fermentation

125
Q

Media has two important Componets

A

Carbohydrates- glucose, lactose, sucrose ect..

Ph indicator- bromothmol Blue

126
Q

Oxidation Media is ______… with a PH of____

A

Green

PH 7.1

oil layer is added to make enviroment anaerobic and promote fermentation.

when ph drops below 6 = more acidic…. the media turns yellow.

127
Q

Oxidation results ( only pathway used)

Oil

A

Green

no breakdown

no acid= PH

glucose cannot be broken down under anarobic conditions.

128
Q

Oxidation test possible outcomes

No Oil

A

Yellow @ Top ( O2 present)

Some breakdown

Some Acid (lower PH)

glucose broke down —-> moderate amounts of acidic compounds made =( drop in PH)

129
Q

Fermentation Results

Oil

A

Yellow

Breakdown

Acid ( lower PH)

130
Q

Fermentation Test results

No Oil

A

Yellow

breakdown

Acid Lower PH

131
Q

No utilization of Carbohydrate test results

A

Oil

green

no breakdown

No Acid= PH

132
Q

No utilization of carbohydrate

No Oil

A

Green

no breakdown

No Acid=PH

133
Q

No utilization of Carbohydrate

or

A

Blue- green

indicating breakdown of protiens

basic/ alkaline Higher PH

134
Q

what does the phenol Red Broth tell us?

A

it determins what carbohydrates a bacterium can ferment.

this is a differental test since the ability of one species to ferment a carbohydrate may be diffrent than that of another.

135
Q

_______ is not the only sugar that can be used to start glycolysis.

A

Glucose

136
Q

the end products for fermentation are usally _________.

A

acidic compunds

137
Q

______ can also be an end product of fermentation

A

gas

138
Q

three componets of Phenol red broth

A

Base- no carbohydrate in the media ( so you can add the one you want to test.

PH indicator- phenol Red

Durham Tube- to check for gas production- places upside down to see if gas bubbles are produced

139
Q

Four possible outcomes for Phenol red Broth

A

Fermentation - no gas

fermentation - gas produced

no fermentation -no gas

no fermentation - protien breakdown

140
Q

test results for fermentation - no Gas

A

yellow

lower in PH acid

No Gas

Record A/-

141
Q

test results fermentation Gas produced

A

yellow

Acid ( ower in PH)

Gas

Record- A/ G

142
Q

Fermentation test results

No fermentation - No Gas

A

Red

No Acid = PH

Record -/-

143
Q

fermentation test results

no fermentation - protien breakdown

A

bright pink

Basic/alkaline ( higher PH)

record K

144
Q

Catalase Test tells us what?

A

determins the presence or absence of the enzyme catalase in the bacterium

145
Q

what is the diffrence in Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?

A

the diffrence is the final electron acceptor.

146
Q

the final electron acceptor in Aerobic respiration is ?

A

O2

147
Q

the final electron acceptor in Anaerobic Respiration

A

Nonoxygen molecule

148
Q

electrons are passed down a chain of molecules that alternate between becoming _______ or ________.

A

oxidized

reduced

149
Q

During this passing of electrons some can escape called________. when this occurs a ____________ will be produced.

A

premature electron leakage

superoxide O2

150
Q

_____ is extreamly toxic to bacteria and they must be able to _____ to survive.

A

O2

break it down

151
Q

Bateria use a enzyme called__________ the reaction is?

A

SuperOxide Dismutase

O2 + SOD —> O2 + H2O2

152
Q

_____ is not quite as toxic as ____- but bacteria must still break it down further. the reaction is?

A

H2O2

O2

H2O2 + Catalase —> H2O2 + O2 ( gas)

153
Q

catalse test has two important components

A

bacteria - smered on glass slide

H2O2- test reagent

two possible outcomes = catalase positive

catalase negative

154
Q

results for catalase negative

A

no catalase enzyme

No O2 gas produced

155
Q

results for catales test

catalase positive

A

catalase enzyme present

O2 gas produced

156
Q

what does the oxidase test tell us?

A

the oxidase test determins the presence or Absence of cytochrome C oxidase in the ETC of the bacterium.

157
Q

Etc’s can very from organisum to organisum. some are similar to those found in eukaryotic mitochondria. These mitochondria like ETC’s consist of 4 enzyme complexes used to transfer electrons. The last complex is Complex IV ( cytochrome C Oxidase) and specifically transfers from cytochrome C to O2.

A

oxidize - loss of electron

reduction - gain of an electron

158
Q

_____Catalyzes movement of an electron from one molecule to another?

A

Cytochrome C Oxidase

159
Q

______ is a chemical that donats an electron and when doing so changes color. In our experiment it was Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD)

A

Chromogenic Reducing Agent

160
Q

reaction of oxidase test

A

TMPD + cytochrome C Oxidase —–> TMPD is OXidized ( loss of electron)

161
Q

TMPD turns what color when it is oxidized and loses an electron?

A

Blue

162
Q

three possible outcomes for Oxidase test?

A

Oxidase Negative

Oxidase positive

False positive

163
Q

what do the test results mean

Oxidase Negative

A

TmPD on Window

No cytochrome C Oxidase

No Oxidation of TMPD

No color change

164
Q

what do the test results mean?

Oxidase Positive

A

TMPD on Window

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Oxidation of TMPD

Blue

165
Q

what do the test results mean?

False Positive

A

TMPD is unstable

and can lose its electron

with or without Cytochrome C

Oxidase

to prevent test must be read in 20-30 secounds

166
Q

what does the nitrate reduction test tell us?

A

determins is the organisum can use nitrate for denitrification or ammonification.

167
Q

Aerobic Respiration

aerobic and facultative aerobic organisms

A

O2 is the final electron acceptor

168
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Nonoxygen molecule is final electron acceptor.

169
Q

If ______ is used as the final electron acceptor then the bacteria can perform either.

A

NO3

170
Q

______ is a multiestep process performed by a group of enzymes that leads to the production of N2 (Nitrogen Gas)

A

Denitrification

171
Q

_______ is a multistep process performed by a group of enzymes that lead to the production of NH4(ammonia)

A

Ammonification

172
Q

what is the pricipal of the Nitrate reduction test?

A

1st step in either denitrification or ammonification is the reduction of nitrate (No2) to Nitrite ( No2) by the enzyme Nitrate Reductase.

173
Q

Nitrate Broth contains

A

Potassium Nitrate ( KNO3) - source of Nitrate

Duraham Tube - to monitor gas production

there are no color indicators in this test

174
Q

three possible outcomes for the Nitrate Reduuction Test are?

A

first you need to know the results of the OF test or Phenol Red Broth test is the organisum a Fermenter or Non fermenter.

  1. organisum is a Non fermenter
  2. organisum is a fermenter.
  3. organisum is a fermenter
175
Q

Nitrate reduction test results

Organisum is a Non Fermenter

A

Gas-Yes

Nitrate reductase present

Denitrification- source of gas

Nitrate Reductase Positive

176
Q

Nitrate reduction test results

Organisum is a Fermenter

A

Gas-yes———–> type of gas is unknown and test must proceed

Addition of Reagent A

Addition of Reagent B

Red color

Nitrate Reductase Positive ———> Nitrate ( NO3) converted into nitrate ( NO2) which reacted with water in broth to form (HNO2) nitrous acid which Reagent A & B reacted with.

177
Q

Nitrate reduction test results

Organisum is a Fermenter

A

Gas–yes Or No

Addition of Reagent A

Addition of reagent B

No Red Color—–> possibility #1 orgnisum does not have Nitrate Reductase

———-> possiblity # 2 .. organisum reduced all nitrate to nitrite and all the nitrite was converted to other nitrogen compounds.

After adding Zinc powder

red color—->nitrate still present—>Nitrate Reductase Negative

No Red Color—>no Nitrate present–> Nitrate Reductase Positive

178
Q

what does the Decarboxylation Test tell us?

A

Determins the presence or absence of a specific Decarboxylase in a bacterium.

179
Q

Is an enzyme that catalyzes the removel of an amino acids carboxyl group.

A

Decarboxylase

it acts on specific ameno acids

End products of decarboxilation are Polyamines ( compunds with 2 or more amine groups.)

A co enzyme is required called Pyridoxyl Phosphate

180
Q

are important in maintaining the correct internal PH of a bacterial cell.________ are alkaline compounds that raise _____

A

POLYAMINS

Polyamines

PH

181
Q

other importances of Polyamines

A

Regulation of gene transcription and translation

role in biofilm formation

182
Q

Principal of the Decarboxylation Test.

Mollers Decarboxylase Base medium contains :

A

protiens ( beef extract and peptones

Carbohydrates( glucose)

Pyridoxal Phosphate (co enzyme)

Ph indicator ( bromocresol Purple)

183
Q

Principal of the Decarboxylation Test.

A

—-Also specific amino acids are added to test for corresponding decarboxylasae.

HCL is added so that the initial PH is 5.2-6.2 since decarboxylases are induced /made under acidic conditions.

After media is inoculated a layer of oil is added to make an anaerobic enviroment since it stimulates fermentation( and acide production which futher lowers PH)

184
Q

three possible outcomes for Decarboxylation Test.

A
  1. decarboxylase Negative- no fermentation
  2. Decarboxylase Negative- fermentation
  3. Decarboxylase Positive.- fermentation
185
Q

Results for Decarboxylation Test

Decarboxylase Negative

no fermentation

A

No acid produced = PH

No decarboxylation induced

no alkaline products = PH

No color change ( copper)

186
Q

Decarboxylase Negative

fermentation

A

Acid produced ( lower PH) yellow

No decarboxylation induced.

No alkaline products = PH

Tube remains Yellow

187
Q

Decarboxylase Positive

Fermentation

A

Acid produced induced

decarboxylation induced

alkaline products produced ( raises PH)

tube turns purple

188
Q
A

Micro lab (3 decks)

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