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May Mocks Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the President of the Weimar Republic?

A

Ebert

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2
Q

What were the aims of the Weimar Republic?

A

To create the most democratic system in the world

(“Political System in which the population votes for its gov. in elections held on a regular basis (power is therefore ultimately derived from the people”

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3
Q

Who was the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic?

A

Phillip Scheideman

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4
Q

What was the German Revolution?

A

(When the Kaiser, Willhelm II, who was virtually a dictator, was replaced by a democratic Republic

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5
Q

What happened in the German Revolution?

A

(Autumn 1918-Nov. 1918)

Autumn 1918- German army was being pushed back after gaining ground (and rasing popular expectations of victory)
Germany suffered Economic and social pressures, by the war (food shortages and strikes)

29 Sep 1918 - General Ludendorff (Organised German offensive and seen as most powerful man in Germany) called for an armistice (To save the country’s reputation before being fully invaded

4 Oct 1918 - New Government was formed by Prince Max of Baden who was hoping to get an armistice based off his 14 points (It was thought a new gov. would get less harsh terms)

16th Oct - Wilson demanded the Kaiser be removed from power before any armisitice is signed

17th Oct - Ludendorff now changed his tune (declared army could hold out
. accused civillian leaders of failing to deliever reinforcements and failing to raise moral on home front)
(Made it look like he is not responsible for defeat and he was stabbed in the back)

29th Oct- German navy mutinied (sailors at kiel refused to attack the British)
Unrest spread through the entire fleet and then through germany, with socialists leading uprisings of workers and soldiers)

7 Nov 1918 - In munich Kurt Eisner (memeber of militiant Independent Socialist Party) declared an independent, socialisst Bavarian Republic

9th Nov - Kaiser abdicated + replaced with Ebert, leader of SPD (Largest Party in the Reichstag)

11th Nov - Armisitce was signed (Germany felt stabbed in the back because they were still in foreign soil and they thought they were winning)

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6
Q

Why was the Weimar Republic doomed from the start?

A

Post War problems (debt, political chaos, starvation etc:) too big for gov. to handle

  • Problems with the way Weimar was set up (Too democratic and hard to implement and rule)
  • Being forced to sign the armistice, then T.of.V increased Divisions in Ger. society and damaged reputation of the Gov.
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7
Q

Why was the Weimar Republic not doomed from the start?

A
  • The Recovery and successes of the 1920s were great, arguing the underlying problems have been solved and Ger. govt. were doing well
  • It wasnt their fault they failed (Great Depression caused them to fail)
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8
Q

What were the Economic Impacts of WW1?

A
  • Industrial Production only 2/3
  • National Income was only 1/3 (of 1913 levels)
  • 600,000 widows
  • 2 million children without fathers
  • state spending about 1/3 of its budget on war pensions
  • food shortages (only 50% of milk)
  • 300,000 people died from starvation and hypothermia in 1918 as well as the spanish flu
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9
Q

Social Impacts of WW1?

A
  • Deepened Divisions in German Society
  • Big gaps in SoL
  • Workers lost wages and were bitter whilst factory owners made vast fortunes from the war
  • 1.5 million solderis had mental illnesses
  • Germans were angry about losing the war (“stabbed in the back”) cos they thought Ger had a strong enough army
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10
Q

Political Impacts of WW1?

A
  • Groups with extremist political views tried to gain power, gifhting between right wing and left wing groups
  • Many ex-soldiers and civilians despised the new democratic leaders of the republic, believing that the heroic war leaders like Field Marshall Hindenburg had been betrayed by weak politicians who had lost the war by signing the armistice
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11
Q

How many seats did the SDP win?

A

38%

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12
Q

When did Free Elections first take place?

A

January 1919

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13
Q

Why was it called the Weimar Republic?

A

Because the new coalition government thought that Berlin was too dangerous due to the violence and civil unrest

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14
Q

How did the Weimar Constitiution work?

A

Look at the folder for the Diagram

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15
Q

What other policies did the Weimar Republic implement?

A

Article 1 declared that “political authority derived from the people”

  • All adults over 20 could vote (men and women were treated equally) (Article 22)
  • A voting system of proportional representation meant that the proportion of votes recieved by a political party would be approximately equal to the proportion of the seats allocated in the reichstag
  • At least Half the Reichstag had to support the chancellor and the government or they would have to resignn(Article 54)
  • Constitution granted human and civil rights
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16
Q

Flaws of the Weimar Republic (Article 48)?

A

Article 48 arguably gave the prsident too much power as it allowed him to discard the democratic system of the government

Between 1929 and 1933 Presidential decrees were increasing in regularity. This helped to undermine respect and confidence in the new democracy

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17
Q

What was Germany’s constitution in 1914?

A

Look at picture in folder

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18
Q

What is Article 23 of the Weimar Republic?

A

The Reichstag is elected for 4 years

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19
Q

Why may Article 23 be good or bad?

A

Good because…
There is more of a say regularly

Bad because….
Changing govts –> Potentially no continuity

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20
Q

What is Article 41?

A

The President is chosen by the whole of the German electorate. They are elected every 7 years. They select the chancellor, control the army, and call elections

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21
Q

Why Might Article 41 be bad?

A

7 year is long

22
Q

What do Left wing groups believe?

A
  • Want to change society rapidly
  • Aim to treat all people equally and give political power to the people
  • They stress the cooperation of nations
  • Oppose Capitalism
23
Q

Why do Right group wings believe?

A
  • Want to keep society very stable
  • Want a strong gov. dominated by powerful leaders
  • Nationalists
  • Support Capitalism
  • Stress the importance of the family unit and traditional values

(Right Wing germans waited for the Kaiser to come back and believed in the “stab in the back” myth)

24
Q

Why may some people not like the Weimar Republic?

A

Because they felt that democracy had been imposed on them

25
Q

What were the Left Wing groups present in Germany?

A

Spartacist League (Bolshevik-inspired party) (Leaders Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemborg)

At the end of December 1918, they changed their name to the German Communist Party and made immdeiate plans to seize power

26
Q

What were the Big Right wing Groups that were present in Germany?

A

A Nationalist Group who believed in the Kaisers style of Government (Dr Wolfgang Kapp)

(Did not believe in Democratic System)

27
Q

What were the Demands and Methods of the Left Wing parties?

A

Wanted to establish Communist style government with no national parliament

  • Formed a Revolutionary Committee and seized some newspaper offices in Berlin
  • Joined by Rebel Soldiers and sailors, they set up soviets in many towns and organised a general strike
  • Armed street fighting against opponents and the erection of barricades
28
Q

What were the Demands and Methods of Right Wing Parties in Germany?

A

Believed in Expanding Ger’s territory, army power and influence

(Attempted kapputsch (Political Rebellion) but failed)

Resented the T.of.V and admired Ger’s previous Industrial Power

29
Q

What did the Government do to the Left Wing Parties?

A

Ebert made an agreement with the freikorps (ex anti-communist soldiers)

  • Freikorps moved into small towns to crush revolts in may 1919
  • Killed 600 communists
  • In 1920, another clash between the communists; causing 200 casualties
30
Q

What did the Government do to the Right Wing Parties?

A

-Army refused to fire at Freikorps

HOWEVER

-German People , who were their workers, took strike
this meant that with no transport of water the Kapputsch would fail

-Wolfgang would realise this and was killed

31
Q

Evidence of Weimar’s weakness when defeating Left Wing opponents?

A

Only defeated them using the freikorps

32
Q

Evidence of Weimar’s weakness when defeating Right Wing Opponents?

A

Weimar Republic were powerless and had no protection until the Ger workers took a strike

Ger. army didn’t listen to the weimar

33
Q

Differences to how the left wing and Right Wing were treated?

A

Left Wing were treated more harshly than on the right

This is due to the fear/hostillity to communism (Russian Bloody Revolution) + tradition of a dictorial monarchy in Germany –> Respect for army personnel

34
Q

How did Treaty of Versailles lead to Hyperinflation?

A

T.of.V (forced to pay reperations) (but with no figure)

April 1921- £6.6bn (2% of Ger annual income)

£50 Million paid in 1922

Nothing paid in 1923 (Ger. couldnt pay)

French lose patience- Jan 1923 legally enter the Ruhr and take raw matierals

Government in Germany ordered passive resistance (workstrikes)

French murder 100 protestors

Collapse of German Economy (no goods to trade + no tax on industry) + Costs had increase because of support for workers

Prints Money to pay off debts (£2.2 Billion)

Mass Circulation of Currency but not enough goods

35
Q

Impacts of Hyperinflation?

A

Increased bitterness of many Germans towards the T.of.V

Many people belived Hitler in the future when he said T.of.V was to blame for 1929 Great Depression

Government were blamed for accepting reperations

People on fixed incomes couldn’t even buy bread with savings for a house

36
Q

How did the Weimar Republic Recover the economy in 1924-9?

A
  • New Currency (Letenmark) in Nov. 1923
  • Dawes Plan (Agreed in August 1924)
    (Ruhr Occupation would be withdrawn, USA would grant loans, Reperation payments would start at 1 billion per year and increase)
  • Young Plan (Germany given 59 years to pay for reperations, 6.6 billion reduced to 1.850 billion)
37
Q

Evidence that Economic Recovery was Limited?

A

Unemployment still high by 1928 (61% of working Population)

They still have to pay back 800 million

A lot of money in a short time

38
Q

Evidence of Political Recovery for the Weimar Republic from 1924-9?

A

After 1923 there were no more attempted revolutions

Other parties now worked with the weimar republic

1928 moderate parties had 136 more seats in the reichstag than extreme parties

39
Q

Evidence that Political Recovery was limited for the Weimar Republic from 1924-9?

A

Hindenburg elected president in 1926 (opposed democracy) and still friendly with the Kaiser

30% of the vote consistently wen to oppostion parties

Nazi Party made themselves look more respectable and also the extreme parties gradually gained support

there were 4 different chancellors during this time

40
Q

Evidence in Recovery in terms of Culture for the Weimar Republic from 1924-29?

A

Writers and pets now flourished particularly in Berlin.
(There had been strict censorship in the Kaiser’s time)

Cinemas were booming

41
Q

Evidence that Recovery was Limited in terms of Culture for the Weimar Republic from 1924-29?

A

Some groups and area of the country were concerned about the “moral decline” in culture

42
Q

Evidence of Recovery in Foreing Policy’s for the Weimar Republic from 1924-29?

A

Locarno
LofN
Kellogg-Briand Pact

43
Q

Why were there many uprisings and disturbances?

A

‘A Communist group, known as the Spartacists, wanted Germany governed like Russia after the October 1917 Revolution. The leaders, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, argued strongly against Ebert’s plans for a democratic Germany. They wanted Germany
ruled by workers’ councils or soviets.’

‘A crisis hit the new Republic in May 1919 when the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were announced. Most Germans were appalled. In the minds of many Germans, Ebert and his Weimar Republic were forever to blame for the Treaty. The injustice of the Treaty became a rallying point for all Ebert’s opponents.’

44
Q

How did Culture flourish?

A

‘The Weimar constitution allowed free expression of ideas and this encouraged writers,
poets and artists, especially in Berlin. There were new styles of painting and architecture,
while Marlene Dietrich became a great international star in the golden age of German
cinema.’

45
Q

Why did Germany suffer from Hyperinflation (6)?

A

‘The occupation of the Ruhr had disastrous effects. The German government had to
print money to pay the wages of the striking workers. This made the existing inflation even
worse.’
‘The situation had come about from 1921. Large quantities of goods were sent to Belgium
and France. As a result, there were not enough goods in Germany and so prices rose
making inflation worse.’
‘As it had no goods to trade, the government simply printed more money. Prices and wages
rocketed.’

46
Q

Why did Germany suffer from Hyperinflation (6)?

A

‘The occupation of the Ruhr had disastrous effects. The German government had to print money to pay the wages of the striking workers. This made the existing inflation even worse.’

‘The situation had come about from 1921. Large quantities of goods were sent to Belgium and France. As a result, there were not enough goods in Germany and so prices rose, making inflation worse.’

‘As it had no goods to trade, the government simply printed more money. Prices and wages
rocketed.’

47
Q

Why was the Weimar in a bad state by 1923?

A

‘There had been numerous political assassinations throughout 1922 and into 1923. This caused some political instability. This was made worse by the attempted coup by the Nazis at Munich.’

‘Germany had to send large quantities of goods to France and Belgium as part of the reparations payment. The Ruhr had been invaded by French and Belgian troops because reparation payments had not been met. As a result the workers went on strike (passive resistance).’

‘There were not enough goods for the domestic market and, therefore, prices rose. The government printed more money to pay the workers. This made inflation worse.’

‘With so much money in circulation, prices rocketed causing hyperinflation and money
became worthless. This caused hardship to many Germans.’

‘Many had saved for old age but because of hyperinflation they found their pensions
worthless.’

48
Q

Why did France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr (6)?

A

. ‘Reparations had been fixed at £6,600 million in 1921, but in late 1922 Germany failed to make a payment.’

‘They intended to take the value of the missing payments in goods.’

‘They invaded the Ruhr as this is where they could seize coal and iron as reparations.’

‘France needed the money to pay off their war debt to the USA.

49
Q

What happened in the Ruhr?

A

On the 9 January 1923, in response to the lack of payment of reparations, France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr. The Ruhr was a region of Germany which contained resources such as factories. … To fix this problem and pay the striking Ruhr workers, the government again printed more money. This led to hyperinflation .

50
Q

Disadvantages of Proportional Representation?

A

‘The Germans were used to the Kaiser’s autocratic system of government.’
‘Through PR some extremist parties were represented in the Reichstag.’
‘Extremist parties now had a voice and publicity.’
‘PR prevented overall control by one party.’
‘A coalition government gave the impression of not being a strong government.’
‘Coalition governments were made up of representatives from a number of different parties.’
‘Coalition governments were often short-lived creating political uncertainty and instability.’

51
Q

WHy were the Spartacists a threat>

A

‘The Spartacists were Communists much like Lenin’s Bolsheviks, who had just taken
power in Russia. They argued strongly against Ebert’s plans for a democratic Germany.
They wanted a Germany ruled by workers’ councils or soviets. They were a serious threat to
the government in Berlin because they were armed and had much support in the factories.’

History (7 decks)

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