Max904511 Flashcards
According to the Recommended Practice, principles of firefighting with foam, firefighting foam improves the extinguishing performance of water on many fires. Depending on the foam, list how this may be achieved.
Firefighting foam improves the extinguishing performance of water in several ways, depending on the type of foam being used. The key mechanisms include:
1. Surface Cooling:
• Foam allows water to spread more effectively over surfaces, enhancing its cooling effect and reducing the heat of the fire.
2. Smothering (Oxygen Exclusion):
• Foam creates a barrier between the fuel and the surrounding air, cutting off the oxygen supply needed for combustion.
3. Vapor Suppression:
• Foam prevents the release of flammable vapors from the fuel surface, reducing the risk of re-ignition.
4. Fuel Separation:
• Foam physically isolates the fuel from the fire by covering it with a stable foam blanket, which interrupts the fire triangle (fuel, oxygen, heat).
5. Adhesion to Surfaces:
• Certain foams adhere to vertical or irregular surfaces, providing prolonged protection and cooling of exposed areas.
6. Increased Penetration:
• Some foams, like wetting agents, reduce the surface tension of water, enabling it to penetrate porous or tight surfaces, which is particularly useful for Class A fires (solid combustibles).
7. Heat Resistance:
• A properly formulated foam layer resists breaking down under high temperatures, maintaining its protective qualities longer.
Each type of foam (e.g., Aqueous Film-Forming Foam [AFFF], Class A foam, Protein foam, or Alcohol-Resistant AFFF) is optimized for specific fire scenarios and contributes differently to fire suppression.
According to the Recommended Practice, Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) operation is based on three functions which conform to the internationally accepted algorithm of basic life support using AEDs. List these functions.
Functions of AED operation (Basic Life Support Algorithm):
1. Electrical Therapy Delivery: The AED assesses the heart rhythm and delivers a shock if a shockable rhythm is detected (e.g., VF or pulseless VT). 2. Auditory/Visual Prompts: The AED provides clear step-by-step instructions to guide the rescuer through CPR and defibrillation processes. 3. Rhythm Analysis: The AED automatically analyzes the heart rhythm to determine if defibrillation is required.
According to Operations Bulletin 2012/03, list the properties of Natural gas.
Properties of Natural Gas (Operations Bulletin 2012/03):
1. Lighter than air (specific gravity less than 1).
2. Highly flammable with a narrow flammability range (approximately 5%–15% in air).
3. Odorless in its natural state (odorized with a chemical like mercaptan for detection).
4. Non-toxic but can cause asphyxiation in high concentrations by displacing oxygen.
5. Explosive in confined spaces when mixed with air within its flammable range.
According to the SOG- acetylene is a very volatile gas. Exploding cylinders can penetrate double brick walls or metal freight containers and land 200m away. How many hours after the cylinder is removed from the fire or heat source, if it is not cooled, can this explosion occur?
Explosion Timing for Acetylene Cylinders:
An acetylene cylinder, if not adequately cooled after exposure to fire or heat, can explode up to 24 hours after being removed from the heat source.
According to the SOGs - When providing fire protection for helicopter hot refuelling there are many factors for the FRNSW Commander to consider. List these factors.
Factors for Fire Protection During Helicopter Hot Refueling (FRNSW Commander):
1. Location of the helicopter and refueling site.
2. Wind direction and weather conditions.
3. Proximity to other aircraft, personnel, or structures.
4. Type and quantity of fuel being used.
5. Availability of firefighting equipment (e.g., extinguishers, foam, water supplies).
6. Communication and coordination with airbase personnel.
7. Emergency procedures for fire or fuel spills.
According to the SOG - When providing fire protection for helicopter hot refuelling, list the information the airbase manager must provide in regard to safety.
Safety Information Provided by the Airbase Manager:
1. Location of emergency shutoff valves for fuel.
2. Refueling procedures, including equipment specifications and operator responsibilities.
3. Type of fuel being used and associated risks.
4. Emergency procedures for fire, fuel leaks, or spills.
5. Contact details for emergency response coordination.
According to the Recommended Practice - List the 5 typical scenarios for Attack and Lay Pack use.
5 Typical Scenarios for Attack and Lay Pack Use (Recommended Practice):
1. Rapid Forward Attack: Quick deployment for advancing on fire fronts or high-risk areas.
2. Defensive Operations: Protecting exposures or creating fire breaks in vulnerable areas.
3. High-Rise or Multi-Story Building Fires: Providing water to upper floors via lay packs.
4. Large Open Spaces or Industrial Fires: Extended hose lays for large-scale water application.
5. Rural or Bushfire Scenarios: For long-distance water supply in areas without hydrants.
Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 11 Brigades to proceed with speed to suspected fires or hazardous material incidents-
(1) When there is an alarm of fire…….
(2) When there is a report of hazardous material incident………….
(a) (b)
Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 11
(1) When there is an alarm of fire:
The brigade must proceed with all practicable speed to the scene of the fire.
(2) When there is a report of a hazardous material incident:
(a) The brigade must proceed with all practicable speed to the scene of the incident.
(b) The brigade must take all reasonable measures to protect life, property, and the environment from harm caused by the hazardous material.
Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 12, Investigation of reported fires and Hazardous material incidents-
(1) The officer in charge may,
(a)
(b)
(2)
Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989, Section 12
1. The officer in charge may:
(a) Enter premises to investigate.
(b) Take necessary actions to prevent or mitigate the fire/hazard.
2. Investigate the cause and origin of the fire/hazard.
Section 13, of the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 states the “general powers of officers at fires and hazardous material incidents”- State this provision.
General Powers of Officers (Section 13)
Officers may take necessary measures to extinguish fires, protect life and property, and mitigate harm from hazardous material incidents.
Division 1 of the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 lists the powers at fires and hazardous material incidents. State the provisions of Section 19- “General power to remove persons or obstacles.”
General Power to Remove Persons/Obstacles (Section 19)
Officers can direct people to leave and remove obstacles interfering with operations at a fire or hazardous material incident.
At an incident that has been declared a crime scene, a member of the public seeks details from you, the senior firefighter/officer on duty, about the incident. State the provisions of Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation (2023), Clause 22, Disclosure of information.
Disclosure of Information (Regulation 2023, Clause 22)
Information about incidents may only be disclosed if authorized under FRNSW policies or required by law. Unlawful disclosure is prohibited.
Section 17 of the Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation (2023) refers to unacceptable behaviour. List five circumstances when a firefighter’s behaviour would be deemed unacceptable.
Unacceptable Firefighter Behaviour
1. Violence or threats.
2. Discrimination or harassment.
3. Intoxication while on duty.
4. Disobedience of lawful orders.
5. Neglect of duties or unsafe practices.
According to Standing Orders, to avoid serious accidents at intersections when responding to an emergency, what are the two actions drivers of responding vehicles should take when proceeding through traffic signals and stop signs.
Intersection Safety During Emergency Response
1. Slow down and stop if necessary to ensure safety.
2. Proceed only when safe to do so, regardless of signals.
According to Standing Orders, when are seatbelts required to be worn when travelling in FRNSW vehicles (including tankers)?
Seatbelt Use in FRNSW Vehicles
Seatbelts must be worn at all times when the vehicle is in motion.
Section 27 of the Crown Employees (Fire and Rescue NSW Permanent Firefighting
Staff) Award 2023 states the Notice of Transfer that is required to be given by the Commissioner when an employee is to be transferred to a new location and/or a different platoon. List and detail the three provisions for these as stated in this section.
Notice of Transfer (Section 27 of Award 2023)
1. Four weeks’ notice for permanent relocation.
2. Reasonable notice for temporary transfer.
3. Mutual agreement for short-notice transfers.
State the two provisions under the Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation (2023), Part 3, Section 14: Firefighters to acquire and maintain knowledge of legislation, orders, and functions.
Knowledge of Legislation and Orders
1. Firefighters must acquire and maintain knowledge of FRNSW legislation, SOGs, and functions.
2. Firefighters must comply with all policies and procedures.
According to Recommended Practice- List the general safety points that must be observed at all times when using the Attack and Lay Pack.
Attack and Lay Pack Safety Points
1. Ensure correct hose deployment.
2. Avoid kinking hoses.
3. Maintain control of water pressure.
4. Use PPE and maintain situational awareness.
According to the Fire Investigation toolkit on the Intranet, list when you should request FIRU for assistance?
When to Request FIRU Assistance
1. Suspected arson.
2. Fatalities or injuries at fire scenes.
3. Fires involving significant property loss.
4. Unusual or suspicious circumstances.
Found in the toolkit on the Intranet, provide the full name of the form populated by firefighters that gives the Fire Investigator a summary of your observations on arrival and your actions during the fire.
Form Name
Fire Investigation Summary Report (FISR).
According to Definitions on the Intranet - Describe Backdraught.
Backdraught
Backdraught is a sudden and violent ignition of gases that occurs when fresh oxygen is introduced into a confined space containing superheated fuel-rich gases and insufficient oxygen for combustion.
According to SOGs, - list your role and tasks if you are the first arriving Station Officer into Staging.
First Arriving Station Officer Role and Tasks in Staging
1. Establish the staging area and confirm its location.
2. Notify the Incident Controller of staging area location and status.
3. Coordinate the arrival and departure of resources.
4. Maintain accountability of resources in staging.
5. Communicate regularly with the Incident Controller.
According to SOGs, - describe the order model of communication and when it must be used.
Order Model of Communication
• The order model involves:
1. Sender gives a clear and concise order.
2. Receiver acknowledges the order and repeats it back.
3. Sender confirms the repeated order.
• This model must be used during critical operations to ensure clarity and avoid miscommunication.
According to the GSD for Incident Management, – an Incident Management System is a standardised method used to manage all types of incidents. The method is adaptable and scalable to the incident type and size. List what it enables the Incident Controller to do and when an Incident Management System is required to be used at incidents FRNSW attends?
Incident Management System
• Enables the Incident Controller to:
1. Plan and control the incident effectively.
2. Allocate resources appropriately.
3. Ensure safety of personnel and public.
4. Maintain clear communication and coordination.
When required:
• The system must be used at all incidents attended by FRNSW, regardless of size or type.
According to SOGs, -there are eight strategic functions of command the Incident Commander needs to address. List and describe all eight functions
Eight Strategic Functions of Command
1. Assume Command: Establish control and take responsibility.
2. Ensure Personnel Safety: Implement measures to protect crews.
3. Situational Awareness: Assess and understand the incident dynamics.
4. Set Objectives: Define clear, achievable incident goals.
5. Determine Strategy: Develop a plan to achieve objectives.
6. Develop and Implement Tactics: Execute the strategy with appropriate actions.
7. Allocate Resources: Ensure the right resources are deployed effectively.
8. Review and Revise: Continuously evaluate and adjust the plan.
According to the GSD for Incident Management, - at every incident there must be a steady, adequate, and timely stream of resources. Who is the only person to deploy resources at an incident?
Resource Deployment
Only the Incident Controller is authorized to deploy resources at an incident.
A driver in a road tunnel noticed smoke coming from the engine compartment of their car and immediately pulled into the emergency break down bay and called Triple zero. According to SOGs, list the Smoke Management Systems found in road tunnels that could assist in clearing the smoke?
Smoke Management Systems in Road Tunnels
1. Longitudinal ventilation systems.
2. Transverse ventilation systems.
3. Jet fans.
4. Extraction systems for removing smoke from specific sections.
According to the GSD for Incident Management, - as an incident develops and crews become fatigued, they will need to be rested. List and describe the two ways crews can be rested.
Crew Resting Methods
1. Rotation: Assign crews to non-critical tasks for recovery.
2. Rehabilitation: Move crews to a dedicated rest and recovery area with hydration, food, and medical support.
According to the GSD for Incident Management, - List and describe the three incident phases.
Three Incident Phases
1. Initial Phase: Rapid assessment and immediate action to stabilize the incident.
2. Escalation Phase: Increase resources and refine strategies as the incident grows.
3. Resolution Phase: Reduce resources and focus on recovery and handover.
According to the Standing Orders list the people authorised to ride on FRNSW appliances?
Authorized Riders on FRNSW Appliances
1. FRNSW personnel.
2. Approved visitors or observers (e.g., trainees).
3. Other emergency service personnel as required.
According to the Recommended Practice for the Multi-head gas detector – Altair 5X, Altair 5X IR and Altair 5X PID, describe the term Time Weighted Average (TWA).
Time Weighted Average (TWA)
The average concentration of a substance in the air over a standard 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek, used to assess exposure limits.
Section 26 of the Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation 2023 deals with performance of functions. State the provisions of this section
Performance of Functions (Section 26)
• Firefighters must perform their duties efficiently and diligently.
• Firefighters must adhere to FRNSW policies, procedures, and lawful instructions.
According to the GSD for Incident Safety, – it is usually reasonable only to document high consequence risks, however as time and resources increase into a protracted incident what is reasonable to document will change. List and describe the two ways that risks can be documented.
Risk Documentation Methods
1. Dynamic Risk Assessment: Ongoing mental evaluation of risks during the incident.
2. Formal Documentation: Written risk assessments when time and resources allow, especially during protracted incidents.
According to the definition on the Intranet – what is the full term used when a liquid within a container reaches a temperature well above its boiling temperature, boils, expands and the container fails.
Full Term for Exploding Liquid Containers
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE).
According to SOGs – a thermal check of the acetylene cylinder may give an indication that decomposition is occurring internally. List and describe two ways you can conduct a thermal check.
Thermal Check of Acetylene Cylinders
1. Infrared Thermometer: Measure surface temperature to detect hotspots.
2. Water Spray Test: Apply water mist and observe if it evaporates quickly, indicating heat.
According to SOGs-expand the acronym – SISIACMR
SISIACMR
Safety, Isolate, Stabilize, Identify, Assess, Control, Monitor, Review.
According to the GSD for Incident Safety, - Define what incident safety refers to.
Incident Safety Definition
Incident safety refers to the identification and management of risks to ensure the health and well-being of all personnel and affected parties during an incident.
According to Operations Bulletin 2023-01 – thermal runaway can occur in lithium-ion batteries in small devices at any time without warning. List the indicators of thermal runaway.
Indicators of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway
1. Rapid increase in temperature.
2. Swelling or deformation of the battery.
3. Smoke emission.
4. Popping or hissing sounds.
5. Flame or fire.
According to the Workplace Safety toolkit on the intranet, what should you complete when a work-related injury, near miss, exposure or illness occurs and in what timeframe after the occurrence should it be submitted?
Workplace Injury or Near Miss Reporting
• Form to Complete: Workplace Injury, Illness, or Near Miss Report.
• Submission Timeframe: Within 24 hours of the occurrence.
According to the Workplace Safety toolkit on the intranet, - if you are unable to submit or fill out a NIIENM who else can submit one for you?
If Unable to Submit NIIENM
If you cannot submit or fill out a NIIENM (Notification of Injury, Illness, Exposure, or Near Miss), it can be submitted on your behalf by:
• Your supervisor.
• Your Zone/Duty Commander.
• A workplace health and safety representative.
When shall an employee be entitled to accommodation whist attending training courses in the GSA as listed under section 48.2.2 of the Crown Employees (Fire and Rescue NSW Permanent Firefighting Staff) Award 2023.
Accommodation Entitlement During Training in the GSA
An employee is entitled to accommodation while attending training courses in the Greater Sydney Area (GSA) if:
1. They reside more than 90 minutes travel time (one way) from the training location.
2. They are rostered to attend consecutive days of training.
As stated in the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act,1989 - list who is responsible for coordinating rescue operations and for determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations?
Coordination of Rescue Operations
As per the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989, the Combat Agency Controller is responsible for:
• Coordinating rescue operations.
• Determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations.
According to the GSD for Incident Management, list the fundamental principles of the incident management system.
Fundamental Principles of the Incident Management System
1. Command: Clear leadership structure.
2. Control: Centralized decision-making.
3. Coordination: Efficient allocation and use of resources.
4. Safety: Focus on risk management and protection.
5. Flexibility: Scalable to incident type and size.
6. Communication: Clear and effective information flow.
According to the Rescue Training Manual - Fire protection must be established at all MVA’s where the vehicle’s occupants are trapped. List the actions that should be taken when providing fire protection at an MVA.
Fire Protection Actions at an MVA
1. Positioning: Park the appliance to shield responders from traffic.
2. Fire Extinguishers: Place extinguishers near the scene.
3. Spill Containment: Use absorbent material to manage fuel leaks.
4. Emergency Lighting: Illuminate the area for visibility.
5. Hose Line Readiness: Deploy a charged hose line for immediate use.
6. Ignition Control: Ensure vehicle ignitions are off and batteries disconnected.
According to the Recommended Practice for breathing apparatus, – conditions when SCBA should be worn can be summarised by the acronym HOTS. List and describe each letter of HOTS.
Acronym HOTS for SCBA Conditions
1. H – Heat: High temperatures that could endanger breathing or skin.
2. O – Oxygen: Oxygen levels below 19.5% or above safe limits.
3. T – Toxicity: Presence of hazardous or toxic gases.
4. S – Smoke: Visibility reduction and particulate hazards from smoke.
Owners and occupiers of premises can deposit keys at their nearest fire station so that firefighters can gain access without causing unnecessary damage. Located in the Forms tab on the intranet, name the two forms that need to be completed when receiving keys to private premises.
Forms for Receiving Keys to Private Premises
1. FRNSW Key Deposit Form.
2. FRNSW Premises Key Receipt Form.
As stated in the Health, Fitness and Wellbeing Toolkit- what is it a mandatory requirement to complete prior to undertaking the annual Fitness Drill?
Mandatory Requirement Before the Annual Fitness Drill
It is mandatory to complete a Health Declaration Form prior to undertaking the annual Fitness Drill
According to Operations Bulletin 2020-04 – Reporting appliance damage and maintenance issues, when an appliance is found to have unreported damage, the Fleet Operations Officer or Regional Maintenance Officer will notify the Station, Duty, and Zone Commander in writing. Which form must the station submit within 8 days?
Form for Unreported Appliance Damage
The station must submit a Notification of Vehicle/Equipment Damage Form (F3-8) within 8 days.
According to the Fire ePermit Policy, a fire permit issued within the ‘Bush Fire Danger’ period will be valid for a period of how many days from the date of issue?
Fire Permit Validity
A fire permit issued within the Bush Fire Danger Period is valid for 7 days from the date of issue.
According to the Fire ePermit Policy, what aspect of the planned fire does the permit take into account.
.
Aspect Considered in a Fire Permit
The permit considers:
• Weather conditions.
• Location and proximity to other properties.
• Fuel load and type.
• Timing and duration of the fire.
According to SOGs- list the 6 components of a AS2419.1 hydrant booster.
Six Components of an AS2419.1 Hydrant Booster
1. Inlet connections: Allows the connection of firefighting appliances.
2. Non-return valves: Prevent backflow of water.
3. Isolation valves: Control water flow into the booster system.
4. Pressure gauges: Display water pressure in the system.
5. Boost pump connections: Allows for pressurization by fire appliances.
6. Cabinet or enclosure: Protects the components from weather and tampering.
According to the Recommend Practice for breathing apparatus– what is the meaning of working duration.
Meaning of Working Duration in Breathing Apparatus
Working Duration refers to the estimated amount of time a firefighter can safely use the breathing apparatus, accounting for:
• The rate of air consumption during exertion.
• The amount of compressed air in the cylinder.
• Time required for safe exit and safety margin.
A mobile data terminal (MDT) is installed in every fire appliance. It provides immediate fingertip access to incident information and a range of additional intelligence to help firefighters deal with the incidents they attend every day. List the information the MDT enables firefighters to indicate, view and access as documented in the Toolkit.
Information Available on the Mobile Data Terminal (MDT)
The MDT allows firefighters to:
1. Indicate: Their status (e.g., responding, on-scene).
2. View: Incident details (e.g., address, nature of the call).
3. Access:
• Pre-incident plans.
• Building layouts and hydrant locations.
• Hazmat information.
• Rescue guides and response protocols.
According to SOGs, - firefighters can ‘turn off’ a solar power system to stop electricity feeding into the structure’s circuits or back to the electricity network if configured to do so. List and describe the 6 points to consider.
Points to Consider When ‘Turning Off’ Solar Power Systems
1. Isolator Location: Locate and operate the rooftop and main isolators.
2. Labeling: Check for labels indicating isolation points.
3. Daylight Hazard: Panels may still generate electricity during daylight.
4. Testing: Verify that the system is no longer feeding power.
5. Backup Systems: Be aware of battery storage systems or inverters.
6. Training: Ensure personnel are trained to handle solar isolators safely.
According to Operations Bulletin 2024-02, when a battery energy storage system is present at a residence, there should be an indicator to alert you to this. What is an example of an indicator.
Indicator of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
An example of an indicator is a sign or label stating “Battery Storage System Installed” located:
• Near the main electrical switchboard.
• At the property entrance.
Operations Bulletin 2023-01- lists operational actions to follow when dealing with Lithium-ion battery failure in small devices. List these actions.
Actions for Lithium-Ion Battery Failure in Small Devices
1. Extinguish: Use a dry chemical extinguisher or water mist for fire suppression.
2. Cool: Apply water to cool the battery and surrounding area.
3. Isolation: Remove the device to a safe location, if feasible.
4. Monitoring: Observe for reignition or thermal runaway.
5. PPE: Ensure full PPE and SCBA are worn.
6. Waste Handling: Dispose of the battery following hazmat procedures.
According to the GSD for Electricity SOGs - fires can occur in solar panels, particularly in the isolators attached to the solar panels. If the solar panel is on a roof, list the actions firefighters should not take.
Actions Firefighters Should NOT Take with Roof Solar Panels
1. Do not break the panels.
2. Do not cut wires or cables.
3. Do not operate in close proximity to live systems without proper isolation.
4. Do not touch panels with water streams under sunlight.
According to the SMIT on salvage and overhaul, describe the purpose of salvage.
Purpose of Salvage
The purpose of salvage is to:
• Protect property from further damage caused by fire, water, or smoke.
• Minimize losses by using covers, draining water, or relocating valuables.
According to the SMIT on salvage and overhaul, describe the purpose of post fire overhaul.
Purpose of Post-Fire Overhaul
The purpose of post-fire overhaul is to:
• Identify and extinguish remaining hotspots to prevent rekindling.
• Investigate and document the cause and spread of the fire.
• Ensure structural stability and safety of the area
According to SOGs, list the four principles to consider when responded to incident involving a gaseous fire suppression system.
Four Principles for Gaseous Fire Suppression System Incidents
1. Evacuate: Ensure all occupants have left the area before the system activates.
2. Isolate: Shut down HVAC systems to contain the gas.
3. Ventilate: Post-activation, ventilate the area safely to remove gas.
4. Monitor: Use gas detection equipment to verify safe re-entry.
According to the GSD for Bushfires - FRNSW crews generally engage in property protection roles. We generally have three strategies for carrying out property protection. List and describe the three types of defences that may be required in the defensive strategy.
Three types of defences in the defensive strategy (GSD for Bushfires):
1. Active Defence:
Firefighters remain at the property to actively defend it against fire using suppression techniques and equipment.
2. Passive Defence:
Preparations are made to enhance the property’s fire resistance (e.g., clearing vegetation, closing windows), and the property is left to defend itself.
3. Fallback Defence:
Firefighters withdraw to a safer area but return once conditions improve to continue defensive actions
Operations Bulletin 2023-01- lists the hazards and risks at incidents involving Lithium-ion batteries in small devices. List all as stated in the bulletin.
Hazards and risks involving lithium-ion batteries (Operations Bulletin 2023-01):
1. Fire and explosion.
2. Thermal runaway.
3. Toxic gas release (e.g., hydrogen fluoride).
4. Re-ignition potential.
5. Electrical hazards.
6. Structural compromise due to battery failure.
According to the GSD for Incident Management - Australasian Inter-service Incident Management System (AIIMS) has 5 key principles. List and describe the concepts that underpin these principles.
AIIMS principles (GSD for Incident Management):
1. Flexibility: Adaptable structure for various incidents.
2. Management by Objectives: Clear goals for coordination.
3. Functional Management: Assign roles (e.g., Operations, Logistics).
4. Unity of Command: One person, one supervisor.
5. Span of Control: Optimal supervision ratio (3–7 personnel per supervisor).
According to SOGs - when an LPG container is involved in fire, what area of the container is considered most crucial and a high priority area for cooling?
LPG container high-priority cooling area (SOGs):
The upper vapor space is the most critical area for cooling to prevent pressure buildup and BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion).
According to the SMIT on Psychological Preparedness – list the actions that should be taken following a Potentially Traumatic Event.
Actions following a Potentially Traumatic Event (SMIT):
1. Provide psychological first aid.
2. Conduct defusing sessions.
3. Arrange structured debriefing (24–72 hours).
4. Monitor personnel for ongoing signs of stress.
5. Provide access to professional counseling.
6. Follow up to ensure long-term well-being.
According to the Work Instruction on “bagging contaminated gear” - list the equipment required for bagging contaminated gear (not PPC) at an incident to minimise the risk presented by hazardous contaminants during storage or transport.
Equipment for bagging contaminated gear (Work Instruction):
1. Heavy-duty plastic bags.
2. Cable ties or duct tape.
3. Permanent markers for labeling.
4. Disposable gloves.
5. Hazardous material labels.
According to the GSD for Bushfires - List and describe the 3 classes of bushfires.
Three classes of bushfires (GSD for Bushfires):
1. Grass Fires: Spread quickly, primarily through vegetation.
2. Forest Fires: Slow-moving but intense, involving heavy fuel loads.
3. Peat Fires: Burn underground and are difficult to extinguish.
According to the GSD for Electricity- SOGs, - electrical transformers in high density areas of cities maybe situated in underground vaults, if a fire occurs in one of these vaults, CO2 can be injected via a wall mounted or footpath CO2 connection box. Describe what the number on the connection box indicates.
Number on CO2 connection box (GSD for Electricity - SOGs):
Indicates the volume of CO2 required for the space it protects.
According to the GSD for Electricity- GSD, list the factors that affect voltage gradient at wires down.
Factors affecting voltage gradient at wires down (GSD for Electricity):
1. Ground conductivity.
2. Soil moisture.
3. Voltage level.
4. Proximity to wires.
5. Physical obstructions.
According to the GSD for Electricity- SOGs, conductors allow electricity to easily pass through them. List five examples of conductors identified in this document.
Examples of conductors (GSD for Electricity):
1. Water.
2. Metal objects (e.g., fences, pipes).
3. Trees (when wet).
4. Humans.
5. Vehicles.
According to the GSD for Electricity- SOGs - list five measures to control the risks associated with electricity at an incident.
Risk control measures for electricity (GSD for Electricity - SOGs):
1. Establish an exclusion zone.
2. Isolate power supply.
3. Use insulated equipment.
4. Wear appropriate PPE.
5. Engage qualified electrical personnel.
As listed on the SIMS Worksheet, Electrical safety kit - list the inventory stored in the green canvas bag of the electrical safety kit.
Inventory in electrical safety kit (SIMS Worksheet):
1. Insulated gloves.
2. Insulated blanket.
3. Voltage detector.
4. Warning signs.
5. Safety goggles.
According to the Recommended practice - When using the gloves from the electrical safety kit, what is the correct donning sequence?
Glove donning sequence (Recommended Practice):
1. Inspect gloves for damage.
2. Dust hands with powder (if necessary).
3. Don inner cotton liners.
4. Wear insulated gloves.
5. Check the seal and fit.
According to SOG for interagency notification, list the four reasons NSW Police are required to be notified of incidents.
Reasons to notify NSW Police (SOG for Interagency Notification):
1. Incidents involving fatalities.
2. Criminal activity suspected.
3. Traffic management required.
4. Public safety at risk.
You are responded to fire in a correctional facility, centre or complex operated by a government agency or private contractor. As documented in SOGs, list the actions that should be taken on arrival.
Actions at correctional facilities (SOGs):
1. Notify facility management upon arrival.
2. Confirm security measures.
3. Liaise with correctional staff for guidance.
4. Follow established facility protocols.
According to the Preventing and Managing Unreasonable Behaviour and Bullying Policy, state the definition of workplace bullying?
Definition of workplace bullying (Policy):
Workplace bullying is repeated, unreasonable behavior directed at an individual or group that creates a risk to health and safety.
You respond to an automatic fire alarm at an office building. On arrival you find the gaseous fire suppression system has activated in a data storage unit. You ask employees on site if everyone has evacuated but they cannot be sure. You have to enter immediately to complete a search. According to SOGs list the actions you would you take.
Actions when gaseous suppression system activates (SOGs):
1. Don BA (Breathing Apparatus).
2. Confirm system discharge.
3. Conduct a search.
4. Ensure ventilation of the area.
According to the ‘Firefighter’ role description found on the Intranet, list any 5 of the Duties/Accountabilities required in this role.
Five Firefighter duties (Intranet Role Description):
1. Respond to emergencies.
2. Perform fire suppression activities.
3. Conduct rescue operations.
4. Deliver community education.
5. Maintain equipment and station readiness.
Standing Orders includes the topic ‘Reporting Absence from duty’. List the procedures the Station Officer is to follow if a firefighter is absent without notification.
Procedures for unnotified absence (Standing Orders):
1. Attempt contact with the firefighter.
2. Notify higher management.
3. Record the absence.
4. Arrange for coverage.
5. Investigate upon return.
According to SOGs – list the procedures you should follow when attending an incident involving underground electrical vault.
Procedures for underground electrical vault incidents (SOGs):
1. Establish an exclusion zone.
2. Ventilate the vault if possible.
3. Use non-conductive tools.
4. Monitor air for toxic gases.
5. Engage electrical specialists.
According to the Fire Investigation Field Guide there are four classifications of cause. List and describe them.
Four Classifications of Cause (Fire Investigation Field Guide):
1. Accidental: Resulting from unintended human actions or equipment failure.
2. Natural: Caused by natural phenomena (e.g., lightning strikes).
3. Incendiary: Intentionally set fires with intent to cause harm.
4. Undetermined: Cause cannot be conclusively identified due to lack of evidence.
According to SMIT on MVA terminology – list and describe the 4 recognised types of entrapment.
Four Recognized Types of Entrapment (SMIT on MVA Terminology):
1. Mechanical Entrapment: Objects or vehicle parts physically trap the casualty.
2. Physical Entrapment: The casualty’s body is pinned or constrained.
3. Medical Entrapment: The casualty’s condition prevents self-evacuation.
4. Environmental Entrapment: External conditions (e.g., fire, water) impede rescue.
According to SOGs - there are many duties of the BA Control Operator. List five.
Five Duties of the BA Control Operator (SOGs):
1. Maintain a BA Entry Control Board to track personnel and times.
2. Record cylinder pressure and times-in/out of BA wearers.
3. Monitor and account for all BA wearers’ safety.
4. Communicate updates with the Incident Controller (IC).
5. Ensure BA wearers receive relief at appropriate times.
Safety Bulletin 2024-01 identifies actions firefighters must take operationally should they identify fire doors with fire activated bolts. List what firefighters must do.
Actions for Fire Doors with Fire Activated Bolts (Safety Bulletin 2024-01):
1. Assess door function and activation mechanism.
2. Avoid damaging the fire safety system.
3. Communicate findings to the IC.
4. Inform building management of identified issues.
According to SOGs – List what P2 particle masks can be used to protect against.
Uses of P2 Particle Masks (SOGs):
P2 particle masks protect against:
1. Fine particulate matter.
2. Smoke particles.
3. Airborne asbestos fibers.
4. Bioaerosols (e.g., mold spores).
5. Dust from construction or demolition.
Section 29 of the Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation 2023 deals with the occurrence book. State the provisions of this clause.
Provisions for the Occurrence Book (Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation 2023, Section 29):
1. Record all station activities and incidents.
2. Maintain accuracy and chronological order.
3. Ensure entries are signed by the Station Officer.
4. Secure the occurrence book to prevent unauthorized access.
Safety Bulletin 2010-04 identifies precautions appliance drivers should take before responding from fire stations. List these precautions.
Precautions for Appliance Drivers Before Responding (Safety Bulletin 2010-04):
1. Conduct a full vehicle check (e.g., lights, brakes).
2. Ensure all crew members are seated and secured.
3. Plan the response route.
4. Test communication equipment.
5. Confirm clearance for departure.
Clause 10 of the Fire and Rescue NSW Regulation (2023) deals with Examinations and Assessments. State this provision.
Examinations and Assessments Provision (Regulation 2023, Clause 10):
Firefighters must successfully complete prescribed examinations and assessments to ensure competency and readiness for operational duties.
List the exemptions that retained firefighters have when responding in private vehicles to emergency incidents as detailed in the Standing Orders.
Exemptions for Retained Firefighters (Standing Orders):
1. Exempt from speed limits when safe and responding with lights/sirens.
2. May park in restricted areas.
3. Permitted to use bus lanes.
4. Exempt from red-light signals when safe.
According to the SOGs for communication plans- list the three basic principles for communication at incidents?
Three Basic Principles for Communication at Incidents (SOGs):
1. Clarity: Ensure messages are concise and easily understood.
2. Confirmation: Confirm receipt of messages.
3. Consistency: Use standardized communication protocols.
The Fire and Rescue Act 1989 and the Australian Road Rules grant exemptions, in certain circumstances, to the drivers of Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles from complying with the Australian Road Rules. State the situations as listed in Standing Orders when FRNSW vehicles are permitted to travel in a bus, tram, transit or truck lane.
When FRNSW Vehicles Can Use Special Lanes (Standing Orders):
1. While responding to emergencies.
2. When attending incidents where access via these lanes is necessary.
3. During training or authorized operations.
According to SOGs - Emergency Response Teams have varying levels of skills, equipment, and training. Depending on the hazards involved, the IC must determine, from Pre-Incident Planning and discussion with the Emergency Response Team Leader, their role at an incident. List the three activities Emergency Response Teams can participate in.
Emergency Response Team Activities (SOGs):
1. Fire suppression support.
2. Hazard mitigation.
3. Victim rescue or evacuation.
According SOGs list the principles of de-escalation.
Principles of De-escalation (SOGs):
1. Remain calm and composed.
2. Use active listening to understand concerns.
3. Maintain a non-threatening posture.
4. Provide clear and respectful communication.
According to SOGs - the Emergency Control Organisation may consist of people identified by coloured helmets, hats, caps, vests, or tabards. List the members and their identifying colour.
Emergency Control Organisation Roles and Colours (SOGs):
1. Chief Warden: White helmet/tabard.
2. Deputy Chief Warden: White with red stripe.
3. Floor/Area Warden: Yellow.
4. First Aid Officer: Green.
According to the SOGs, List the correct meanings for the numerical status codes 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7.
Numerical Status Codes (SOGs):
1. Status 1: Responding.
2. Status 2: On scene.
3. Status 3: Request assistance.
4. Status 4: Under control.
5. Status 5: Returning to station.
6. Status 6: Unavailable.
7. Status 7: Available for duty.
You are completing a pre-incident plan for an occupancy located within your station area. The SO directs you to inspect the Fire Control Room. According to the SOGs, list the features that are included in a Fire Control Room.
Features of a Fire Control Room (SOGs):
1. Fire panel and alarm system.
2. Communication equipment.
3. Emergency lighting.
4. Building plans.
5. Manual override controls.
You are attending an incident at a large cold storage facility. Your SO has directed you to cut into an Insulated Sandwich Panel (ISP). Prior to cutting the ISP, you conduct a risk assessment. According to the SOGs, list the important issues to consider.
Issues to Consider Before Cutting ISPs (SOGs):
1. Fire spread within the panels.
2. Toxic fumes from insulation material.
3. Structural integrity.
4. Hidden electrical wiring.
5. Tools and methods to minimize risks.
You are attending a 3rd Alarm structure fire and note the current incident commander is being overwhelmed by radio messages. According to SOGs, following span of control rules, what is the optimal number of people who should be reporting to the IC?
Span of Control for IC (SOGs):
The optimal number of people reporting to the IC is 3–7.
It is the responsibility of the Incident Commander (IC) to ensure that in general, each tactical priority has been addressed, according to the SOGs, for structure fires the IC should consider how many sides of the fire?
Sides of a Structure Fire (SOGs):
The IC should consider all 6 sides (front, back, left, right, top, bottom).
On arrival at an incident, you observe the EWIS is operating. Upon closer inspection you note it has defects. According to the SOGs, what actions should you take and who should you notify after you have investigated and found no sign of fire?
Actions for Defective EWIS (SOGs):
1. Investigate and confirm no sign of fire.
2. Notify the building manager.
3. Document the issue.
4. Inform the IC for further action.
You attend a hazmat incident, and you appreciate the importance of correct spelling of a substance when transmitting messages to Comms. You are requested to relay the message using the phonetic alphabet. What is the correct phonetic alphabet transmission for …………….? (Word to be inserted in test paper, knowledge of phonetic alphabet)
Correct Phonetic Alphabet Transmission:
The phonetic alphabet is used to ensure clarity. For example, if the word is “FIRE”, the correct phonetic transmission would be:
Foxtrot India Romeo Echo.
For other words, apply the corresponding NATO phonetic alphabet.
An MVA has occurred between a truck and two cars requiring the attendance of a rescue unit, the MVA has occurred on the M5 Motorway in the GSA. There are multiple emergency services within NSW that are responsible for rescue incidents. According to SOGs, who determines which emergency service will send a rescue unit to this rescue incident?
Who Determines Which Emergency Service Responds (SOGs):
The Police Rescue Coordinator determines which emergency service will send a rescue unit to an MVA on the M5 Motorway in the Greater Sydney Area (GSA).
Fumigation is a process of applying a pesticide chemical to a sealed area for a period, generally to treat insects or other vermin. The pesticide is applied in gas form (or a state that produces a gas) to the area. According to SOGs if a firefighter is exposed to chemicals at a fumigation list the actions needed to be taken on arrival back at station.
Actions After Fumigation Chemical Exposure (SOGs):
1. Notify the Station Officer immediately.
2. Conduct decontamination, including washing exposed skin.
3. Remove and isolate contaminated PPE.
4. Complete an incident report in AIRS.
5. Seek medical assessment if required.
According to SOGs, FRNSW priorities guide the strategy and incident action plan (IAP) for the incident. List our priorities at an incident?
FRNSW Priorities at an Incident (SOGs):
1. Life: Protect and save lives, including firefighters and the public.
2. Property: Minimize damage to property.
3. Environment: Reduce environmental impact.
4. Information: Ensure effective communication and documentation.
5. Resilience: Support recovery efforts.
According to the FRNSW fatigue management procedure permanent firefighters, what is the definition of fatigue?
Definition of Fatigue (FRNSW Fatigue Management Procedure):
Fatigue is a state of physical and/or mental exhaustion that reduces a person’s ability to perform work safely and effectively.
According to the GSD for Incident Management- every person at the incident must behave in a manner that ensures that they can be accounted for. List the behaviours of officers not in command that destroy accountability.
Behaviours That Destroy Accountability (GSD for Incident Management):
1. Failing to report to the IC or sector commander.
2. Ignoring designated roles or tasks.
3. Freelancing or acting without authorization.
4. Leaving the incident area without permission.
5. Providing false or incomplete information.
