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MIMM465: Bacterial Pathology > Maurice Lectures > Flashcards

Maurice Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Human eukaryotic cells exist with which 4 microorganisms? Which one isn’t present in all people?

A

bacteria
intestinal parasites (not all ppl)
viruses
archaebacteria

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2
Q

What is the microbiome referring to?

A

Bacterial genes

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3
Q

What does the microbiota refer to?

A

Bacterial cells

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4
Q

What is the opposite of pathogens?

A

Probiotics

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5
Q

What is another name for pathobionts?

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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6
Q

T or F: There are more bacterial cells and bacterial genes than there are human cells and genes in/on the human body

A

T - 3X more cells, 1000X more genes

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7
Q

What are the benefits of the human microbiome project?

A
  1. discover species associated with the human body

2. study what bacteria are doing on the body

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8
Q

What are 2 ways to perform sequencing on the microbiome?

A
  1. 16S sequencing

2. whole-genome sequencing

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9
Q

What is the 16S gene?

A

A marker for bacteria

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10
Q

How can you tell the difference between bacteria if they all contain the 16S gene?

A

Compare the variable regions

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11
Q

Which parts of the bacterial DNA does 16S sequencing involve?

A

Sequencing the 16S gene only, nowhere else

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12
Q

What does whole genome sequencing entail?

A

Sequencing ALL the bacterial genes

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13
Q

What are the 2 benefits of WGS?

A
  1. Determines which bacterial species are present

2. Determines what the bacterial species are capable of doing (by looking at the proteins being encoded)

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14
Q

What is the only result from 16S sequencing?

A

Identification of the bacterial species present

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15
Q

T or F: Microbial communities are diverse on the phyla, genera, and species level.

A

F - only diverse on the species level

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16
Q

What is a microbial signature?

A

The unique stains and species of bacteria present on each indvl

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17
Q

T or F: Each body part contains the same types of bacteria. Explain

A

F - each body part contains a dominant signature taxa. Each body part has different environmental conditions that can only support certain types of bacteria

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18
Q

Why are certain bacteria found in one part of body but not in another?

A

Each species requires different environmental conditions

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19
Q

Dominant bacteria on skin

A

Actinobacteria

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20
Q

Dominant bacteria in vagina

A

Lactobacillus

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21
Q

Dominant bacteria in gut

A

Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes

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22
Q

Dominant bacteria in mouth

A

Streptococcus

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23
Q

T or F: There is a core microbiota shared bw all healthy indvls.

A

F

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24
Q

T or F: There is a core microbiome shared bw all healthy indvls

A

T

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25
Q

Even though the microbiota composition is highly variable bw indvls, the ___ ___ ___ are similar

A

functional gene profiles

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26
Q

Why do babies born from c-section or vagina have different colonization patterns?

A

Exposed to different bacteria in the 2 methods. During vaginal birth, baby is exposed to bacteria in gut (ex. Lactobacillus). Babies born via c-section are mostly colonized with Actinobacteria

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27
Q

What causes changes in gut microbiota of a child?

A

Changes in diet: milk –> baby formula –> real food

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28
Q

T or F: Gut bacteria are replaced randomly as child grows and changes diet

A

F - There is chronological succession in how bacteria are replaced

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29
Q

Why might the gut microbiome change in seniors?

A

Weaker immune system, medications

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30
Q

Where is the most dense microbial community in body?

A

gut

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31
Q

T or F: There is more bacterial diversity in colon than in stomach. Explain

A

T - due to colon having a less extreme environment (not as acidic)

32
Q

What types of molecules do Bacteroidetes degrade?

A

Complex glycans

33
Q

3 characteristics of Bacteroidetes

A
  1. Gram neg
  2. Rod-shaped
  3. anaerobic
34
Q

Which Gram stain will identify Firmicutes?

A

Crystal violet - gram +

35
Q

3 characteristics of Firmicutes

A
  1. Gram +
  2. forms spores
  3. obligate anaerobes
36
Q

T or F: anaerobic property of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are important for gut health

A

T

37
Q

List 3 common genera in Firmicutes phylum

A

Clostridium, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus

38
Q

Are C. difficile professional pathogens?

A

No, they are opportunistic pathogens.

39
Q

Name an archaebacterial species found in the gut.

A

M. smithii

40
Q

Why are fungi important in the skin microbiome?

A

They produce antimicrobials that prevent bacterial pathogens from invading

41
Q

T or F: The vaginal microbiome is diverse. Explain

A

F - the bacteria have a specific function - to maintain acidic pH

42
Q

Name an important function of lactic acid in vagina.

A

Prevents STDs (shown to inhibit C. trachomatis infections)

43
Q

T or F: P. gingivalis can enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis

A

T

44
Q

Which phylum does P. gingivalis belong to?

A

Bacteroidetes

45
Q

Main bacterial species involved in cavities. They proliferate in response to what?

A

S. mutans - proliferate in response to high sugar diets

46
Q

Which species produces prophyrin and therefore looks black when grown on blood agar?

A

P. gingivalis

47
Q

T or F: P. gingivalis is a strict anaerobe

A

T

48
Q

Which Gram stain will identify P. gingivalis?

A

Saffranin

49
Q

List 5 functions of the human microbiome

A
  1. colonization resistance
  2. produce vitamins
  3. metabolize xenobiotics
  4. generate metabolites
  5. digest food (esp. dietary fibres)
50
Q

Name a reason why different indvls may respond differently to the same drug

A

They have different git microbiota which may or may not activate or inactivate the drug, resulting in different effects

51
Q

What 2 factors make up colonization resistance?

A
  1. number of microbiota

2. production of bacteriocins

52
Q

Give an example of a bacterial metabolite

A

TMA (trimethylamine)

53
Q

Which substrate is TMA derived from?

A

choline

54
Q

Which gene cluster is responsible for turning choline into TMA?

A

choline utilization gene cluster (cut)

55
Q

Where is TMA oxidized?

A

Liver

56
Q

How is TMAO linked to cardiovascular disease in humans?

A

TMAO causes increased deposition of cholesterol in arteries

57
Q

T or F: humans produce secondary bile acids

A

F - humans produce primary bile acids. Bacteria produce secondary bile acids

58
Q

Where are most primary bile acids absorbed?

A

Small intestine

59
Q

Which organ makes bile acids? What are they made from?

A

Liver; cholesterol

60
Q

What is the main source of nutrients for gut bacteria?

A

Plant carbohydrates

61
Q

Where do bacteria that break down plant carbohydrates reside?

A

Large intestine

62
Q

What is the product of plant carb degradation?

A

Short chain fatty acids

63
Q

100% of SCFA are used by ___ cells as ___

A

intestinal; energy source

64
Q

List the 3 main SCFA that play a role in human health

A

butyrate, acetate, propionate

65
Q

SCFA are found in high concentrations in the _____

A

large intestine

66
Q

Butyrate inhibits or activates HDACs?

A

inhibits

67
Q

What does butyrate do to DNA?

A

modulates how packed the DNA is by inhibiting removal of acetyl groups from histones (epigenetic modification)

68
Q

T or F: butyrate causes increased histone acetylation

A

T

69
Q

Does butyrate pack or unpack DNA?

A

pack, therefore prevents transcription

70
Q

T or F: butyrate can regulate T cells

A

T, by regulating epithelial cell secretion of TGF-b

71
Q

Which Clostridia classes produce butyrate?

A

Clostridia IV and XIVa

72
Q

List 4 functions of butyrate

A
  1. inhibits HDAC –> DNA more acetylated –> DNA more packed
  2. regulates T cell
  3. Induces IL18 production
  4. Stimulates DCs + macrophages to produce IL10 and retinoic acid
73
Q

What is the importance of a high-fibre diet?

A

Keeps balance of fibre-degrading and mucus-degrading bacteria; prevents mucus-degrading bacteria from taking over

74
Q

T or F: during dysbiosis, an increase in bacterial diversity is observed

A

F - decrease

75
Q

How do high levels of SCFA affect the blood brain barrier?

A

Ensures that the BBB is healthy and that tight junctions are tight

76
Q

Diet with less complex carbs causes more or less permeable blood brain barrier?

A

More permeable

77
Q

Which bacterium has been linked to colorectal cancer?

A

Fusobacterium nucleatus (Fn)

MIMM465: Bacterial Pathology (6 decks)

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