Maudy's mock questions- flashcards
definition of inflammation
a local physiological response to injury
3 processes that can happen at the end of acute inflammation
resolution, suppuration and organisation
most common cause/type of chronic inflammation and 2 others
most common= primary chronic inflammation
others= transplant rejection/ progression from acute/ recurrent episodes of acute inflammation
define a granuloma
accumulation of epithelioid histiocytes
what blood marker is investigated in sarcoidosis?
ACE (this is released by granulomas)
3 components of virchow’s triangle
stasis of blood flow
endothelial injury
change in blood constituents (hypercoagulability)
the classes of drugs used to treat
1- arterial thrombosis
2- venous thrombosis
1- antiplatelets e.g. Aspirin/Clopidogrel
2- Anticoagulants e.g. Warfarin/Heparin
1- benign neoplasm of the secretory epithelium
2- malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
1- adenoma
2- sarcoma
most common cancers to spread to the bone
breast, thyroid, kidney, lung, prostate
What is the sequence of events that take place for metastasis to occur?
Invasion –erosion of tissue boundaries by enzymes secreted by
- Intravasion- gain access to metastatic routes e.g. blood/lymph
- Evasion of host defence
- Adherence- to endothelium
- Extravasation- colonisation of new site
- Angiogenesis- develops its own bloody supply
What are 3 examples of antigen presenting cells?
macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
Describe how you would identify a bacteria as Salmonella using Microbiology
tests including differentiating it from Shigella? (3)
Salmonella is a gram-negative bacilli. Gram Stain= Pink. (1) - Bacilli Appearance= Rod shaped. (1) - MacConkey Agar tests for fermentation of lactose, Salmonella does not therefore plate remains clear (fermenters go pink). (1) - Do serotyping (API strip) to confirm Salmonella vs Shigella. (1)
HIV can be diagnosed by measuring the level of a specific white blood cell. Which
type of cell is measured? What level indicates AIDS? (2)
The level of CD4+ cells is measured. CD4+ count <200 = AIDS
HIV is a global condition. Name 3 at risk groups for HIV and the age group for which
50% of all new infections worldwide occur. (4)
3 at risk groups: IVDU, men who have sex with men, commercial sex workers
50% of cases worldwide occur at ages 19-24
Name the different types of polymorphonuclear leukocytes which is the most
abundant? (2)
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Neutrophils are most abundant
Give 2 differences between innate and adaptive immunity? (2)
1- specificity: innate is non-specific, adaptive is specific/required
2- memory; innate has no memory, adaptive leads to memory/immunity
3- innate dependent on lymphocytes, adaptive is not
What is the role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (1)
The MHC is a protein found on all nucleated cells which present apeptide (antigen) showing self or non-self on the cell surface
Eosinophils, Basophils and Mast Cells are mainly associated with what type of infection (1) and what type of reaction? (1)
Hypersensitivity reactions
Parasitic infections
Describe stages of Phagocytosis?
- Binding of insult e.g bacterium to macrophage
- Engulfment
- Phagosome formation
- Lysosomal fusion and digestion
- Antigen presentation (MHC II)
- Secretion of waste products.
The action of a drug can be either receptor-related or tissue-related, which of these
do the principles of affinity and efficacy influence? What do agonists / antagonists
show? (2)
Affinity and efficacy relate to receptors (1).
- Agonists show affinity & efficacy / antagonists show affinity only (1
Describe the difference between tolerance and desensitisation? (2)
Tolerance is where a drug becomes less effective, meaning that more of a drug is required to have the same effect.
Desensitisation is when a drug no longer has any effect on the body- due to receptor degredation/uncoupling/internalisation
What class of drug is Candesartan? (1)
Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker
Which common condition often diagnosed in childhood is a contraindication of beta
blockers and why? (2)
Asthma is a contraindication for beta blocker use. BBs cause bronchoconstriction
What do NSAIDs inhibit and what is the result? (2)
inhibit cyclooxygenase
prevents conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2
Approximately 60% of the body is comprised of water. In an average 70Kg male this
constitutes 42 L of water. Approximately how many liters of water would you expect
to find in the following compartments of this patient: Intracellular, Extracellular,
Plasma? (3)
ICL= 28L ECL= 14L Plasma= 3L
What are 3 ways in which drugs can move between fluid compartments? (3)
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport
What are the 4 stages of Pharmacokinetics? (4)
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Definition of bioavailability
Amount of drug taken up into systemic circulation a proportion of the amount
administered
