Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Week 1/2 > Matter/Subatomic Particles/Water Properties > Flashcards

Matter/Subatomic Particles/Water Properties Flashcards

Learn the week 2 slides

1
Q

What are the three forms Matter exist in and what are all forms of matter composed of?

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas. Furthermore, matter is composed of chemical elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

element?

A

the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What elements make up majority of the human body?

A

O = oxygen
C = carbon
H = hydrogen
N = nitrogen
Ca= Calcium
P= Phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atom?

A

the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Star! Define (charge, mass, location) proton, neutron, atomic mas, valence electrons, electrons?

A

Protons: single (+) charge; mass = 1 atomic mass unit (amu)
Neutrons: no charge; mass = 1 amu
Atomic mass is approximately equal to the total number of protons and neutrons
Electrons—in concentric clouds surrounding the nucleus
Electrons: single (–) charge, very low mass
An atom is electrically neutral, as the number of electrons equals the number of protons
Valence electrons orbit in the outermost shell and determine the chemical bonding properties of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Star! Atomic Number

A

is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Star! Isotopes

A

the same number of protons and electrons, but they have a different number of neutrons
Living cells cannot distinguish between radioactive and non-radioactive isotopes
Radioactive isotopes are useful for research and medical purposes
Uncontrolled exposure to radioactive isotopes can harm living organisms by damaging DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Star! Mass Number

A

is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ions!

A

are charged particles that form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, uneven # protons and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ions in water that form solutions and are capable of conducting electricity.
Electrolyte imbalances can cause muscle cramps to cardiac arrest!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Molecules + Compounds

A

form when two or more atoms bond together (example: O2)
form when two or more different elements bond together (H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chemical Bonds

A

A chemical bond occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction
The number of electrons in the valence shell determines the likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ionic Bond

A

held together by an attraction between oppositely charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Single Covalent Bonds

A

held together by an attraction between oppositely charged ions (they share ONE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

atoms shares two electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

oppositely charged parts of molecules
Weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another atom
Important to physiology, water, and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polar Bonds (occur in covalent and hydrogen bonding)

A

the sharing between two atoms is unequal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

nonpolar bonds (occur in covalent and hydrogen bonding)

A

the sharing between two atoms is fairly equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Solvency

A

Ability to dissolve other chemicals
Water is called the universal solvent
Metabolic reactions depend on solvency of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Substances that dissolve in water
Hydrophilic molecules are polarized or charged (e.g., sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Substances that do not dissolve in water
Hydrophobic molecules are nonpolar or neutral (e.g., fats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adhesion (important)

A

Tendency of one substance to cling to another
Water adheres to large membranes reducing friction around organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cohesion

A

Tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
Water is very cohesive due to its hydrogen bonds
Surface film on surface of water is due to molecules being held together by surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chemical Reactivity

A

Ability to participate in chemical reactions
Water ionizes into H+ and OH–
Water ionizes many other chemicals (acids and salts)
Water is involved in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon and are simple molecules Water is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living things
26
Organic Comp.
always contain H, usually contain O, and always have covalent bonds
27
Solution
is a liquid consisting of two or more substances evenly mixed
28
The solvent (important)
The dissolving agent
29
The Solute (Important)
The dissolved substance
30
What is the solution called when the water is the Solvent? (important)
Aqueous
31
____? is the major solvent found in the fluid compartments of the body!
Water!
32
Colloids (Somewhat important)
Colloids in the body are often mixtures of protein and water Many can change from liquid to gel state within and between cells Scatter light and are usually cloudy Particles remain permanently mixed with the solvent when mixture stands
33
Suspension (type of mixture)
Cloudy or opaque in appearance Separates on standing Example: blood cells in blood plasma
34
Emulsion
Suspension of one liquid in another Examples: oil-and-vinegar salad dressing; fat in breast milk
35
four major organic macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
36
Functional groups?
sets of atoms that are covalently bonded to the carbon framework.
37
example of a monomer
glucose, whose molecules link together to form glycogen, a polymer.​
38
Polymerization
constructs a polymer from many small molecules, like links in a chain.​
39
___? contain a sugar, phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: ​ Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G) ​ Pyrimidines: cytosine (C) and thymine (T)
Nucleotides
40
This building of biomolecules is known as
anabolism
41
Our bodies also break down compounds, in a process known as
catabolism
42
What is ATP and what does it do?
Provides energy to cells
43
links two monomers together and removes a molecule of water. In cells, your body builds new molecules through this reaction
dehydration synthesis reaction
44
hydrolysis
involves breaking down organic molecules, water is inserted into an organic functional group, such as an ester, and breaks the molecule apart. This type of reaction is especially common in digestion as the body breaks down food.​
45
(proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and fats) cannot be used by the organism directly? Why is this?
Digestive enzymes first have to degrade them into monomers (amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, fatty acids) which are then absorbed by the cells of the intestinal mucosa and made available for metabolism.
46
Proteins structure?
Organic energy-yielding nutrients (macronutrients). CHO and contains nitrogen. Water Solluble
46
CarboHydrates structure?
CHO, lacks nitrogen and is water solluble Brain and nerve tissues require glucose as fuel
47
Lipids Structure
macronutrients, CHO lacks nitrogen and is not water soluble
48
what breaks down Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids?
Amylase+Carbohydrase, Protease, Lipase enzymes
49
Classification of Carbs
Simple Carbohydrates(MonoSaccharide, Disaccharide) Complex Carbohydrates(Polysaccharides)
50
What are the two types of Amino acids
Essential (indispensable): must be obtained from the diet.​ Non-Essential(dispensable): do not have to be exclusively derived from the diet because our body stores tons of them
51
gluconeogenesis
serve as a non-carbohydrate substrate for de novo (making new glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors) glucose synthesis
52
Gluconeogenic Amino Acids​
Glycine​ Serine​ Aspartic acid​ Glutamic acid​ Glutamine Valine​ Methionine​ Histidine​ Arginine
53
Essential (indispensable) Amino Acids
Valine ​ Leucine ​ Isoleucine ​ Threonine ​ Methionine ​ Lysine ​ Tryptophan ​ Phenylalanine
54
Ketogenic Amino Acids
Leucine and lysine are exclusively ketogenic amino acids
55
What is a Complete Protein
Comes from Animal foods and have all nine of the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities are considered complete (high-quality) proteins. ​
56
What is an incomplete protein?
comes from plants (excluding soy and beans) do not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities to support growth & health are called incomplete (low-quality) proteins.
57
What are the structure of proteins? (1)
Primary (consists of one or more linear chains of a number of amino acid units linked together by peptide bonds.)
58
What are the structure of proteins? (2)
Secondary - assumes a helical shape to produce the secondary structure of a protein. ​ Alpha (α) helix coils resemble a spring​ Beta (β) pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons​
59
What are the structure of proteins? (3)
Tertiary - globular 3-dimensional structure
60
What are the structure of proteins? (4)
two different polypeptide (protein) units that come together to form a complete protein
61
Classification of Lipids​
Simple Lipids:​ Triglycerides(3 FA, Plus 1 glycerol) are the main simple lipids. ​ Compound Lipids:​ Phospholipids ​ Derived Lipids:​ Saturated vs. unsaturated Fatty acids​ Steroids consist of 4 fused rings.​
62
____ and ____? are macromolecules in the form of polymers (nucleic acids) which are involved in the storage of genetic & hereditary information consisting of building blocks called nucleotides (monomers).​
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
63
DNA?
double-stranded molecule exists as a double helix and the double helix shape of the DNA molecule is formed as the nitrogen bases pair up via hydrogen bonds. Sugar:​ Deoxyribose = DNA​ Phosphate: Same in RNA and DNA Nitrogen Bases:​ DNA = A,T,G,C​
64
RNA?
single-stranded linear molecule that is active mostly outside the nucleus.​ The single-stranded structural configuration of RNA is formed as the nitrogen bases pair up via hydrogen bonds. ​ Contains ribose sugar (not deoxyribose)​ Thymine is replaced with uracil​ Three varieties of RNA carry out the DNA order for protein synthesis.​ replace T with U
65
biomolecule?
a macromolecule consisting of high-energy yielding essential nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins), and macromolecules of hereditary and nucleic acids – most notably DNA and RNA, which are macromolecules (polymers) that carry the genetic information.
66
Simple Sugars
glucose, fructose, ribose, sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
67
Complex sugars
starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
68
Purine?
has a 2-ringed heterocyclic nitrogenous base, containing 2 carbon-nitrogen rings and 4 nitrogen atoms.​ ​Pyrimidine C4H4O2 is an organic heterocyclic, nitrogenous compound containing: ​ 6-membered aromatic ring with​ 2 nitrogen atoms in the 1 and 3 positions 3 double bonds at 1,3, and 5 positions Purine: Guanine and Adenine ​ To remember which nitrogen bases are classified as pyrimidines, recall “CUT”, the pyramid (pyrimidine):​ C – Cystine​ U – Uracil​ T – Thymine ​
69
Plasma Membrane?
behaves amphipathically, meaning it has both hydrophilic ("water-loving", or water-soluble) and hydrophobic ("water-hating", or poorly water-soluble) regions.​ This phospholipid bilayer constitution contains both a hydrophilic component comprised of a phosphate head and a hydrophobic component consisting of 2 long fatty acid chains. ​ While the 2 long fatty acid chains are hydrophobic, they are also lipophilic ("lipid-loving", or lipid-soluble) non-polar tails. ​ The phosphate head, while hydrophilic, is also lipophobic ("lipid-hating", or poorly lipid-soluble) and polar, containing a negatively charged phosphate group. The phosphate group interacts freely with water molecules, rendering it more readily soluble in water than lipids.

Week 1/2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions