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Human Anatomy/Physiology Chapter 2 > Matter, Mass, and Weight > Flashcards

Matter, Mass, and Weight Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and hass mass

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2
Q

mass

A

gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

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3
Q

kilogram (kg)

A

1/1000 of a gram

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4
Q

gram (g)

A

basic unit of mass

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5
Q

element

A

simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties

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6
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element

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7
Q

neutron

A

no electric charge

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8
Q

proton

A

one positive charge

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9
Q

electron

A

one negative charge

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10
Q

nucleus

A

center of an atom

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11
Q

electron cloud

A

the region where any given electron is most likely to be found

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12
Q

atomic number

A

an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom

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13
Q

mass number

A

number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom

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14
Q

isotope

A

two or more forms of the same element
ex: hydrogen, deuterium, tritium

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15
Q

unified atomic mass unit (dalton)

A

1/12 the mass of a carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons

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16
Q

atomic mass

A

the average mass of its naturally occuring isotopes

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17
Q

avogadro’s number

A

6.022E23

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18
Q

mole (mol)

A

avogadro’s number of entities, such as atoms, ions, or molecules

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19
Q

molar mass

A

the mass of one mole of the substance expressed in grams

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20
Q

chemical bonding

A

when the outerpost electrons are transferred, or shared, between atoms

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21
Q

ion

A

a charged particle that forms if an atom gains or loses electrons

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22
Q

cations

A

positively charged ions

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23
Q

anions

A

negatively charged ions

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24
Q

ionic bonding

A

the bonding of the oppositely charged cations and anion to each other

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25
Q

covalent bonding

A

atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons

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26
Q

single covalent bond

A

represented by a single line between the symbols of the atoms involved

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27
Q

double covalent bond

A

results when two atoms share four electrons, two from each atom

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28
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared equally between atoms

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29
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

when electrons are not shared equally between atoms

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30
Q

molecule

A

formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independant unit

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31
Q

compound

A

a substance composed of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically combined

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32
Q

molecular mass

A

determined by adding up the atomic mass of its atoms (or ions)

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33
Q

intermolecular forces

A

result from weak electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between ions and molecules

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34
Q

hydrogen bond

A

if a posively charged hydrogen molecule is attracted to a negatively charged oxygen, nitrogen, or flurorine of another molecule

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35
Q

solubility

A

the ability of one substance to dissolve in another

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36
Q

dissociate

A

when ionic compounds dissolve in water, they seperate because the cations are attracted to the negative ends of water molecules

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37
Q

electrolytes

A

cations and anions that dissociate in water and that have the capactiy to conduct an electric current

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38
Q

reactions

A

the substances that enter a reaction

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39
Q

chemical reaction

A

atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact to either form or break a chemical bond

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40
Q

products

A

the substances that result from the chemical reaction

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41
Q

synthesis reaction

A

when two or more reactants chemcially combine to form a new and larger product

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42
Q

dehydration reaction

A

synthesis reactions when water is formed as the amino acids are bound together

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43
Q

anabolism

A

all the synthesis reactions that occur within the body

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44
Q

decomposition reaction

A

the reverse of a synthesis reaction; a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products

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45
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

reactions that use water to break down chemical bonds in substances

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46
Q

catabolism

A

decomposition reactions that occur in the body

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47
Q

metabolism

A

all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body

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48
Q

reversible reaction

A

chemical reaction when the reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants

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49
Q

equilibrium

A

when the rate of formation is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

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50
Q

oxidation

A

the loss of an electron by an atom

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51
Q

reduction

A

the gain of an electron

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52
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

when the complete or partial loss of an electron by one atom is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another atom

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53
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

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54
Q

work

A

moving matter

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55
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy that could do work but is not doing so

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56
Q

kinetic energy

A

a form of energy that actually does work and moves matter

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57
Q

mechanical energy

A

energy resulting from the position or movement of objects

58
Q

chemical energy

A

a form of potential energy within its chemical bonds

59
Q

heat energy

A

energy that flows between objects that are at different temperatures

60
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction

61
Q

catalyst

A

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted

62
Q

enzymes

A

protein catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required

63
Q

inorganic chemistry

A

deals with substances that does not contain carbon

64
Q

organic chemistry

A

the study fo carbon-containing substances

65
Q

water

A

composed of one atom of oxygen and 2 atoms of hydrogen joined by covalent bonds

66
Q

specific heat

A

a relatively large amount of heat is required to raise a substance’s temperature

67
Q

mixture

A

a combination of 2 or more substances physically blended together

68
Q

solution

A

any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between the substances

69
Q

solute

A

dissolves in a solvent

70
Q

solvent

A

having the ability to dissolve other substances

71
Q

suspension

A

a mixture containing materials that seperate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together

72
Q

colloid

A

a mixture in which a dispersed substance is distrubuted throughout a dispersing substance

73
Q

osmole

A

the express number of particles in a solution

74
Q

osmolality

A

a refletion of the number of particles in a solution

75
Q

milliosmole

A

1/1000 of an osmole

76
Q

acid

A

proton donor (hydronium)

77
Q

base

A

proton acceptor (hydroxide)

78
Q

pH scale

A

the hydrogen concentration in a solution

79
Q

nuetral solution

A

having a pH of 7

80
Q

acidic

A

having a pH of less than 7

81
Q

alkaline (basic)

A

having a pH greater than 7

82
Q

acidosis

A

when a human blood pH is less than 7.35, in which the nervous system becomes depressed and an individual can become disoriented and possible comatose

83
Q

alkalosis

A

when a humans blood pH is greater than 7.45, the nervous system becomes overexcitable, and the individual can become nervous or have convulsions

84
Q

salt

A

consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-

85
Q

buffer

A

a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair which the acid componant and base component occur in similar concentrations

86
Q

conjugate acid-base pair

A

two substances that are related as a buffer

87
Q

oxygen

A

an inorganic molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond

88
Q

carbon dioxide

A

consists of one carbon atom bound by two oxygen atoms

89
Q

carbohydrates

A

composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
monomer: monosaccharide
can be broken down to provide the energy necessary for life

90
Q

monosaccharide

A

a simple building block of carbohydrates

91
Q

isomer

A

molecules that have the same number and type of atoms but differ in 3D arrangement

92
Q

disaccharide

A

composed of two simple sugars bound together through a dehydration reaction

93
Q

sucrose

A

table sugar

94
Q

polysaccharide

A

consists of many monosaccharides together to form long chains that are straight for branched

95
Q

glycogen

A

a starch composed of many glucose molecules

96
Q

cellulose and starch

A

composed of long chains of glucose

97
Q

lipids

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
monomer: fatty acids
regulate physiological processes and form plasma membranes; also an energy storing molecules

98
Q

fats

A

a major type of lipid that are ingested and broken done by hydrolysis reactions in cells to release energy to be used by cells

99
Q

triglycerides

A

95% of the fats in the human body
called triglycerols, which consist of two different building blocks, one glycerol and three fatty acids

100
Q

glycerol

A

a 3 carbon molecule attacked to each carbon atom

101
Q

fatty acids

A

a straight chain of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attacked at one end

102
Q

carboxyl group

A

consists of both an oxygen atom and hydroxyl group attacked to a carbon atom

103
Q

saturated

A

if a fatty acid contains a single covalent bond

104
Q

unsaturated

A

if a fatty acid contains one or more double covalent bonds

105
Q

monosaturated fats

A

has one double covalent bond between carbon atoms

106
Q

polyunsaturated fats

A

has two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

107
Q

phospholipids

A

one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a molecule containing phosphate and, usually, nitrogen

108
Q

hydrophilic

A

the polar end of a phosphlipid which is water loving

109
Q

hydrophobic

A

the nonpolar end of a phospholipid which is water repelling

110
Q

eicosanoids

A

a group of important chemics derived from fatty acids, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes

111
Q

steroids

A

composed of carbon atoms bound together
energy metabolism, growth and reproduction, inflamation, and immune support

112
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

structures are not closely related to one another, but they are nonpolar molecules essential for normal functions of the body

113
Q

proteins

A

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound togetjer by covalent bonds
monomer: amino acids
regulate body processes and act as a transportation system in the body

114
Q

amino acids

A

20 of these make up a protein

115
Q

peptide bond

A

covalent bonds formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis

116
Q

dipeptide

A

two amino acids bound otgether by a peptide bond

117
Q

tripeptide

A

three amino acids bound together by peptide bonds

118
Q

primary structure

A

determined by the sequence of acids bound by the peptide bonds

119
Q

secondary structure

A

results form the folding or bending of the polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids

120
Q

denaturation

A

if the hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of the protein and broken, the protein becomes nonfunctional

121
Q

tertiary structure

A

results from the folding of the helices or pleated sheets

122
Q

domain

A

determines by the tertiary structure; a folded sequence of 100-200 amino acids within a protein

123
Q

quaternary structure

A

the spacial relationships between the individual subunits

124
Q

active site

A

a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.

125
Q

lock-and-key model

A

a reaction occurs when the reactants (key) bind to the active site (lock) on an enzyme

126
Q

induced fit model

A

the enzyme is able to slightly change shape and better fit the reactants

127
Q

cofactor

A

additional nonprotein substances that some enzymes require to be functional

128
Q

coenzyme

A

cofactors that are organic molecules and may be referred to as coenzymes

129
Q

lipase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids

130
Q

protease

A

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

131
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the genetic material of cells and copies are transferred from one generation to the next

132
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

structurally related to DNA and play an important role in protein synthesis

133
Q

nucleic acids

A

large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosporus acids; make up the double helix ladder of DNA
monomer: nucleotides

134
Q

complementary base pair

A

organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds

135
Q

adenosine triphospate (ATP)

A

consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups
stores the energy that is used in nearly all of the chemical reactions in the cells

136
Q

Why is water described as a polar molecule

A

because its electron density is unevenly distributed

137
Q

acids

A

increase in hydrogen ions

138
Q

bases

A

decrease in hydrogen ions

139
Q

bicarbonate buffer

A

converts strong acids to weak acids and strong bases to weak bases

140
Q

phosphate buffer

A

consits of phosphoric acid in quilibrium with dihydrogen phosphate ion

141
Q

two systems of the human body that respond to changes in ph

A

urinary system adjusts the pH using carbon dioxide and the respiratory system is stimulated to produce faster and deeper breathing

Human Anatomy/Physiology Chapter 2 (1 decks)

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