Matter, Mass, and Weight Flashcards
1
Q
matter
A
anything that occupies space and hass mass
2
Q
mass
A
gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass
3
Q
kilogram (kg)
A
1/1000 of a gram
4
Q
gram (g)
A
basic unit of mass
5
Q
element
A
simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties
6
Q
atom
A
smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element
7
Q
neutron
A
no electric charge
8
Q
proton
A
one positive charge
9
Q
electron
A
one negative charge
10
Q
nucleus
A
center of an atom
11
Q
electron cloud
A
the region where any given electron is most likely to be found
12
Q
atomic number
A
an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom
13
Q
mass number
A
number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom
14
Q
isotope
A
two or more forms of the same element
ex: hydrogen, deuterium, tritium
15
Q
unified atomic mass unit (dalton)
A
1/12 the mass of a carbon atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons
16
Q
atomic mass
A
the average mass of its naturally occuring isotopes
17
Q
avogadro’s number
A
6.022E23
18
Q
mole (mol)
A
avogadro’s number of entities, such as atoms, ions, or molecules
19
Q
molar mass
A
the mass of one mole of the substance expressed in grams
20
Q
chemical bonding
A
when the outerpost electrons are transferred, or shared, between atoms
21
Q
ion
A
a charged particle that forms if an atom gains or loses electrons
22
Q
cations
A
positively charged ions
23
Q
anions
A
negatively charged ions
24
Q
ionic bonding
A
the bonding of the oppositely charged cations and anion to each other
25
covalent bonding
atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons
26
single covalent bond
represented by a single line between the symbols of the atoms involved
27
double covalent bond
results when two atoms share four electrons, two from each atom
28
nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally between atoms
29
polar covalent bonds
when electrons are not shared equally between atoms
30
molecule
formed when two or more atoms chemically combine to form a structure that behaves as an independant unit
31
compound
a substance composed of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically combined
32
molecular mass
determined by adding up the atomic mass of its atoms (or ions)
33
intermolecular forces
result from weak electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged parts of molecules, or between ions and molecules
34
hydrogen bond
if a posively charged hydrogen molecule is attracted to a negatively charged oxygen, nitrogen, or flurorine of another molecule
35
solubility
the ability of one substance to dissolve in another
36
dissociate
when ionic compounds dissolve in water, they seperate because the cations are attracted to the negative ends of water molecules
37
electrolytes
cations and anions that dissociate in water and that have the capactiy to conduct an electric current
38
reactions
the substances that enter a reaction
39
chemical reaction
atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds interact to either form or break a chemical bond
40
products
the substances that result from the chemical reaction
41
synthesis reaction
when two or more reactants chemcially combine to form a new and larger product
42
dehydration reaction
synthesis reactions when water is formed as the amino acids are bound together
43
anabolism
all the synthesis reactions that occur within the body
44
decomposition reaction
the reverse of a synthesis reaction; a larger reactant is chemically broken down into two or more smaller products
45
hydrolysis reactions
reactions that use water to break down chemical bonds in substances
46
catabolism
decomposition reactions that occur in the body
47
metabolism
all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body
48
reversible reaction
chemical reaction when the reaction can proceed from reactants to products or from products to reactants
49
equilibrium
when the rate of formation is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
50
oxidation
the loss of an electron by an atom
51
reduction
the gain of an electron
52
oxidation-reduction reactions
when the complete or partial loss of an electron by one atom is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another atom
53
energy
the capacity to do work
54
work
moving matter
55
potential energy
stored energy that could do work but is not doing so
56
kinetic energy
a form of energy that actually does work and moves matter
57
mechanical energy
energy resulting from the position or movement of objects
58
chemical energy
a form of potential energy within its chemical bonds
59
heat energy
energy that flows between objects that are at different temperatures
60
activation energy
the minimum energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
61
catalyst
substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted
62
enzymes
protein catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required
63
inorganic chemistry
deals with substances that does not contain carbon
64
organic chemistry
the study fo carbon-containing substances
65
water
composed of one atom of oxygen and 2 atoms of hydrogen joined by covalent bonds
66
specific heat
a relatively large amount of heat is required to raise a substance's temperature
67
mixture
a combination of 2 or more substances physically blended together
68
solution
any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between the substances
69
solute
dissolves in a solvent
70
solvent
having the ability to dissolve other substances
71
suspension
a mixture containing materials that seperate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together
72
colloid
a mixture in which a dispersed substance is distrubuted throughout a dispersing substance
73
osmole
the express number of particles in a solution
74
osmolality
a refletion of the number of particles in a solution
75
milliosmole
1/1000 of an osmole
76
acid
proton donor (hydronium)
77
base
proton acceptor (hydroxide)
78
pH scale
the hydrogen concentration in a solution
79
nuetral solution
having a pH of 7
80
acidic
having a pH of less than 7
81
alkaline (basic)
having a pH greater than 7
82
acidosis
when a human blood pH is less than 7.35, in which the nervous system becomes depressed and an individual can become disoriented and possible comatose
83
alkalosis
when a humans blood pH is greater than 7.45, the nervous system becomes overexcitable, and the individual can become nervous or have convulsions
84
salt
consisting of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-
85
buffer
a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair which the acid componant and base component occur in similar concentrations
86
conjugate acid-base pair
two substances that are related as a buffer
87
oxygen
an inorganic molecule consisting of two oxygen atoms bound together by a double covalent bond
88
carbon dioxide
consists of one carbon atom bound by two oxygen atoms
89
carbohydrates
composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
monomer: monosaccharide
can be broken down to provide the energy necessary for life
90
monosaccharide
a simple building block of carbohydrates
91
isomer
molecules that have the same number and type of atoms but differ in 3D arrangement
92
disaccharide
composed of two simple sugars bound together through a dehydration reaction
93
sucrose
table sugar
94
polysaccharide
consists of many monosaccharides together to form long chains that are straight for branched
95
glycogen
a starch composed of many glucose molecules
96
cellulose and starch
composed of long chains of glucose
97
lipids
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
monomer: fatty acids
regulate physiological processes and form plasma membranes; also an energy storing molecules
98
fats
a major type of lipid that are ingested and broken done by hydrolysis reactions in cells to release energy to be used by cells
99
triglycerides
95% of the fats in the human body
called triglycerols, which consist of two different building blocks, one glycerol and three fatty acids
100
glycerol
a 3 carbon molecule attacked to each carbon atom
101
fatty acids
a straight chain of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group attacked at one end
102
carboxyl group
consists of both an oxygen atom and hydroxyl group attacked to a carbon atom
103
saturated
if a fatty acid contains a single covalent bond
104
unsaturated
if a fatty acid contains one or more double covalent bonds
105
monosaturated fats
has one double covalent bond between carbon atoms
106
polyunsaturated fats
has two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
107
phospholipids
one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a molecule containing phosphate and, usually, nitrogen
108
hydrophilic
the polar end of a phosphlipid which is water loving
109
hydrophobic
the nonpolar end of a phospholipid which is water repelling
110
eicosanoids
a group of important chemics derived from fatty acids, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
111
steroids
composed of carbon atoms bound together
energy metabolism, growth and reproduction, inflamation, and immune support
112
fat-soluble vitamins
structures are not closely related to one another, but they are nonpolar molecules essential for normal functions of the body
113
proteins
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound togetjer by covalent bonds
monomer: amino acids
regulate body processes and act as a transportation system in the body
114
amino acids
20 of these make up a protein
115
peptide bond
covalent bonds formed between amino acid molecules during protein synthesis
116
dipeptide
two amino acids bound otgether by a peptide bond
117
tripeptide
three amino acids bound together by peptide bonds
118
primary structure
determined by the sequence of acids bound by the peptide bonds
119
secondary structure
results form the folding or bending of the polypeptide chain caused by hydrogen bonds between amino acids
120
denaturation
if the hydrogen bonds that maintain the shape of the protein and broken, the protein becomes nonfunctional
121
tertiary structure
results from the folding of the helices or pleated sheets
122
domain
determines by the tertiary structure; a folded sequence of 100-200 amino acids within a protein
123
quaternary structure
the spacial relationships between the individual subunits
124
active site
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
125
lock-and-key model
a reaction occurs when the reactants (key) bind to the active site (lock) on an enzyme
126
induced fit model
the enzyme is able to slightly change shape and better fit the reactants
127
cofactor
additional nonprotein substances that some enzymes require to be functional
128
coenzyme
cofactors that are organic molecules and may be referred to as coenzymes
129
lipase
an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of lipids
130
protease
an enzyme that breaks down proteins
131
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
the genetic material of cells and copies are transferred from one generation to the next
132
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
structurally related to DNA and play an important role in protein synthesis
133
nucleic acids
large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosporus acids; make up the double helix ladder of DNA
monomer: nucleotides
134
complementary base pair
organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds
135
adenosine triphospate (ATP)
consists of adenosine and three phosphate groups
stores the energy that is used in nearly all of the chemical reactions in the cells
136
Why is water described as a polar molecule
because its electron density is unevenly distributed
137
acids
increase in hydrogen ions
138
bases
decrease in hydrogen ions
139
bicarbonate buffer
converts strong acids to weak acids and strong bases to weak bases
140
phosphate buffer
consits of phosphoric acid in quilibrium with dihydrogen phosphate ion
141
two systems of the human body that respond to changes in ph
urinary system adjusts the pH using carbon dioxide and the respiratory system is stimulated to produce faster and deeper breathing
