Matter & Energy

Question 1

Matter is anything that has ________ and occupies ______.

Answer 1

Mass, Space

Question 2

2. There are many forms of matter. Matter consists of _______ such as P (phosphorus) or N (nitrogen), which are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler forms by ordinary chemical reactions.

Answer 2

Elements

Question 3

___________ are the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the characteristics of the element.

Answer 3

Atoms

Question 4

4. Atoms are composed of a _________, made of positively charged ________ and electrically neutral _________, circled by negatively charged _________.

Answer 4

Nucleus, Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Question 5

A complex molecule that is primarily made of carbon atoms bonded with other elements and/or other carbon atoms. Three examples is nucleic acids, glucose, and amino acids. Include carbon atoms

Answer 5

Organic Molecules

Question 6

Generally simple and are not normally found in living things. While it d doesn’t contain carbon.

Answer 6

Inorganic molecule

Question 7

Each element is listed in the periodic table according to the number of protons per atom, called its _________

Answer 7

Atomic number

Question 8

The ____ ______ of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in its nucleus.

Answer 8

Mass number

Question 9

The number of neutrons in the atoms of an element may differ (giving the atoms different mass numbers). These atoms with a different number of neutrons are referred to as _________.

Answer 9

Isotopes

Question 10

Atoms of elements often join to form _________, or substances composed of different kinds of atoms,

Answer 10

Compounds

Question 11

All atoms want _ electrons in their outermost shell- with two exceptions. This idea is known as the _______.

Answer 11

Octet Rule

Question 12

If an atom does not have the preferred number of electrons in its outermost shell, it has two main ways of fulfilling the octet rule: ______________.

Answer 12

Ionic or Covalent Bonding

Question 13

______ bonding involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Answer 13

Ionic

Question 14

________ bonding involves the sharing of electrons.

Answer 14

Covalent

Question 15

__________ molecules are those that that include at least one carbon atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Answer 15

Hydrocarbon

Question 16

The quality of matter is a function of the ____________ of matter (this determines how useful matter is).

Answer 16

Concentration

Question 17

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed, you can only change its form. This statement is referred to as the __ of ________ of ______. Matter can be

Answer 17

Law of Conservation of Matter, anything with mass and volume, you can only change its form, and it can be recycled.

Question 18

Briefly describe the environmental significance of the principle above.

Answer 18

The Law of Conversation of Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The only thing you can do is change its form. It can also be recycled. What matter we have on Earth is all we have. You can’t make something out of nothing. The Earth is a closed system with respect to matter. There is no away in away. Doesn’t go away it just changes its form. You can’t get rid of anything you can only change its form or move it someplace else. It is also why er balance equations. If you don’t, you are violating the conservation

Question 19

________ is the ability to do work (such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects at different temperatures) and there are many forms.

Answer 19

Energy

Question 20

One form is ____________ or the energy contained in moving objects _________ is energy that is stored. _____________ stored in the food that you eat and the gasoline that you put into your car are also example of this form energy that can be released to do useful work.

Answer 20

Kinetic energy, Potential energy, Chemical energy

Question 21

Just like with matter, quality of energy refers to the ___________ of energy

Answer 21

Concentration

Question 22

The ultimate source of energy on Earth is ______________.

Answer 22

the energy of the sun

Question 23

There are two laws of energy (thermodynamics). The first law is referred to as the ___________________. . It states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, you can only change its form. This first law of energy is not the most important law of energy. The most important law of energy is the second law of energy. Briefly describe what the second law of energy states and discuss why this law is important.

Answer 23

Law of Conservation of Energy.
The second energy is converted from one form to another, it becomes less useful it is degraded. Energy cannot be recycled.

Question 24

Resources of matter and energy can be described as being either __________ or _____________.

Answer 24

Non-renewable or Potentially renewable

Question 25

Whether a resource is renewable or non-renewable is determined by how quickly is replaced. The ________ amount of a resource that can be removed/harvested each year without fundamentally damaging the resource’s ability to provide in the future is referred to as the ______________________. If you exceed this, a potentially renewable resource becomes a nonrenewable resource.

Answer 25

Maximum Sustainable Yield

Question 26

The main non-renewable resources of matter include:________, _________, ___________, and _______.

Answer 26

Minerals, Metals, Fossil Fuels, Rocks

Question 27

The main non-renewable resources of energy include: _______, _____, and ___________ (because these three resources form much slower than we use them). Non-renewable energy also includes ___________ (which is non-renewable because it does not form new resources at all).

Answer 27

Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy

Question 28

26. The U.S. gets a vast majority of its energy from __________. Renewable sources of energy only account for about __ % of the energy used in the U.S.

Answer 28

Fossil Fuels, 79%

Question 29

The getting of these fossil fuels (as well as the using of them) creates a lot of environmental damage. The ________ of these fossil fuels generates an enormous amount of air pollution around the world.

Answer 29

removal

Question 30

New technologies have allowed us to access reserves of these fossil fuels that were at one time not available to us. One of these new technologies, known as __________ or _________ involves injecting of a mixture of water, sand, and various chemicals is into the ground and rock formations at extremely high pressure. The pressurized fluid cracks sediments and releases the gas.

Answer 30

Hydrologic fracturing, fracking

Question 31

There are a number of issues associated with using nuclear energy. Most of these issues involves the safety of the nuclear materials, especially what to do with the disposal of the ____________.

Answer 31

Radioactive Waste

Question 32

30. In 1987 the U.S. Department of Energy announced plans to build the first high-level waste repository on a barren desert ridge under ____________, Nevada.

Answer 32

Yucca Mountain

Question 33

Potentially renewable resources of matter include ______ one of the most important resources for life on Earth). Although this resource cycles (recycles) constantly, it is not evenly distributed across the continents.

Answer 33

water

Question 34

One potentially renewable resource that we rarely think about as being a resource (which is vital for life, especially plants) is ______. This resource is at great risk of being damaged by human activities like agriculture (which can lead to intense erosion).

Answer 34

Soil

Question 35

33. Resources that come from living organisms like trees and fish are collectively referred to as ______ resources. Some of these resources are at great risk of being over-harvested.

Answer 35

Biomass

Question 36

Another important potentially renewable resource is biodiversity, which includes three levels: _______________________.

Answer 36

Genetic diversity, Species diversity, and Ecosystem diversity.

Question 37

Renewable resources of energy include _________ energy energy (energy from the sun). This source of energy drives winds and the hydrologic cycle, and it has produced all biomass, including fossil fuels and our food. Although it varies geographically, it is sufficient for economical production even at high latitudes.

Answer 37

Solar

Question 38

___________ is the world’s fastest-growing energy source. It requires the building of large numbers of turbines that are collectively referred to as _____ farms.

Answer 38

Wind Power, Wind

Question 39

37. One of the oldest forms of energy used by humans is that of moving _____. Historically, it was used to do things like grinding grains. Today, it is primarily used to generate ________. This form of energy requires the building of large ____, which can result in a number of environmental impacts (especially affecting aquatic organisms like fish).

Answer 39

Water, electricity, dams

Question 40

Plants capture immense amounts of solar energy by storing it in the chemical bonds of plant cells. For more than a billion people in developing countries, burning ________ (plant materials) remains the principal energy source for heating and cooking. Wood gathering and charcoal burning are important causes of deforestation in many rural areas.

Answer 40

Biomass

Question 41

________ ethanol and biodiesel are examples of some of the newest forms of biomass energy. Globally, production of these two fuels is booming, from Brazil to Southeast Asia to the U.S. and Europe. The main plant material used for making these fuels is _________ One-fifth of the _____ crop currently is used to make ethanol. Researchers have found strains of ______ can grow rapidly under hot and saline conditions and produce lipids (oils) that could be converted to biodiesel.

Answer 41

Biofuels, rape seed, corn, algae

Question 42

The Earth’s internal temperature can provide a useful source of energy in some places. This energy is referred to as __________ energy

Answer 42

Geothermal

Question 43

_________ are devices that use ongoing electrochemical reactions to produce an electrical current and can be a clean energy source for office buildings, hospitals, or even homes.

Answer 43

Fuel cells

Question 44

It’s often said that the cheapest form of energy is ________ which can save money as well as reducing our energy footprint.

Answer 44

Conservation