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11U Chemistry > Matter, Chemical Trends & Chemical Bonding > Flashcards

Matter, Chemical Trends & Chemical Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

A

Qualitative deals with descriptions and quantitative deals with numbers and data that can be measured.

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2
Q

What are the four main trends on the periodic table?

A

Atomic radius, first ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.

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3
Q

In a chemical change, the product is ______ than/as the reactants.

A

Different

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4
Q

In a physical change, the product is _______ than/as the reactants.

A

Same

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5
Q

What are six indications that tell you if a chemical change has occurred?

A

Light/heat produced, difficult to reverse, colour change, new substance produce, precipitate formed, and bubbles produced.

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6
Q

What is atomic radius?

A

The distance from the centre of the nucleus to the valence orbit.

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7
Q

What is first ionization energy?

A

How much energy required to remove the first valence electron.

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8
Q

What is electron affinity?

A

The amount of energy released when an atom captures an electron.

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9
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

The strength of an atom’s ability to hold onto a covalent bond.

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10
Q

What is the trend of atomic radius on the periodic table?

A

It increases as it moves down and to the left in the periodic table.

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11
Q

Why does atomic radius increase as we move down as group?

A

There will be more orbits in each atom and each previous orbit’s electrons will not only shield outer orbits, but also repel the orbits on either side.

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12
Q

Why does atomic radius increase as we move left in a period?

A

Atoms on the left have less protons than those on the right. There will be a stronger attractive force between nucleus protons and valence electrons as we move left to right, which will pull valence electrons closer to the nucleus.

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13
Q

Why does first ionization energy increase as we move up a group?

A

Atoms that have less orbits also have a stronger attraction between the nucleus and the valence shell electrons. Therefore more energy is required to remove electrons from atoms with less orbits.

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14
Q

Why does ionization energy increase as we move right in a period?

A

The valence electrons are more strongly attracted to the nucleus, thus requiring more energy to remove electrons, as we more right in a period in a periodic table.

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15
Q

What are the only atoms on the periodic table that have a full valence shell?

A

Noble gases

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16
Q

What are atoms that have to lose electrons to become stable called? Are they positively or negatively charged?

A

Cations, which are positively charged.

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17
Q

Which elements form cations?

A

Metals

18
Q

What are atoms that have to gain electrons to become stable called? Are they positively or negatively charged?

A

Anions, which are negatively charged.

19
Q

Which elements form anions?

A

Non-metals

20
Q

How do you name binary ionic compounds?

A

State the metal, followed by the root-name of the non-metal with the suffix “-ide”. [ex. calcium chloride]

21
Q

What is the difference between representative elements and transitional elements?

A

Representative elements are elements that gain or lose electrons in a predictable fashion [ex. lithium, sodium]. Transitional metals are elements in the middle of the periodic table which usually exist in two or more different forms [ex. nickel (II) or nickel (III)].

22
Q

What are the two groups of acids?

A

Binary acids and oxyacids (ternary).

23
Q

What are binary acids composed of and how do you name them?

A

They’re composed of a hydrogen and a non-metal. You name them by first writing the prefix “hydro-“, writing the root-word of the non-metal with suffic “-ic”, and then writing acid. ie. hydrobromic acid (HBr).

24
Q

What are oxyacids?

A

Ionic compounds that contain hydrogen cations and anions that are polyatomic.

25
Q

How do you name oxyacids?

A

Write the root-word of the polyatomic, with the suffix “-ic”, and ending with acid. ie. carbonic acid (H2CO3).

26
Q

When are molecular compounds formed?

A

When two or more non-metals share valence electrons to achieve a full valence shell.

27
Q

What are the prefixes for molecular compounds?

A

mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-.

28
Q

What is the difference between intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces?

A

Intermolecular forces are forces between compounds, and intramolecular forces are forces within a compound.

29
Q

What are the four periodic table trends that relate to electron affinity?

A
  1. Electron affinity decreases as we move down a group or family.
  2. Electron affinity increases as we move across a period.
  3. Metals have low electron affinities because they prefer to donate electrons.
  4. Halogens have high electron affinities because they love to accept an electron to fill their orbit.
30
Q

State the difference between covalent and molecular bonding.

A

In a convalent bond, atoms share electrons to obey the octet rule, while in an ionic bond, atoms give or take electrons.

31
Q

What electronegativity value does a covalent bond have?

A

0 - 0.5

32
Q

A polar molecular bond has an electronegativity range of…

A

0.6 - 1.7

33
Q

An ionic bond has an electronegativity range of…

A

1.8 - 3.3

34
Q

A covalent bond forms a…

A

…mostly covalent compound.

35
Q

A polar covalent bond forms a…

A

…polar covalent compound.

36
Q

An ionic bond forms a…

A

…mostly ionic compound.

37
Q

What makes water so useful and unique? [3]

A

The polarity of water, as it provides surface tension and transpiration (evaporation of water from trees).

38
Q

The type of bond that forms between two elements that have an electronegativity value of 0.89 is…

A

…polar covalent bond.

39
Q

The name of a compound that consists of positive ions and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractive forces is a…

A

…ionic compound.

40
Q

Charged atoms that have gained electrons to become stable are called…

A

…anions.

41
Q

All elements in a row in the periodic table with different electron arrangements are called…

A

…a period.

42
Q

A positive ion is a…

A

…cation.

11U Chemistry (1 decks)

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