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Chemistry Gr 12 NSC > MATTER AND MATERIALS: ORGANIC MOLECULES > Flashcards

MATTER AND MATERIALS: ORGANIC MOLECULES Flashcards

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1
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction in which a double bond in the starting material is broken and elements are added to it.

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2
Q

Addition polymer

A

A polymer formed when monomers (usually containing a double bond) combine through an addition reaction.

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3
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

A reaction in which small molecules join to form very large molecules by adding on double bonds.

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4
Q

Alcohol

A

An organic compound in which H atoms in an alkane have been substituted with hydroxyl groups (-OH groups). General formula: CnH2n + 1OH

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5
Q

Aldehydes

A

Organic compounds having the general structure RCHO where R = H or alkyl. General formula: RCHO (R = alkyl group)

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6
Q

Alkane

A

An organic compound containing only C-H and C-C single bonds. General formula: CnH2n + 2

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7
Q

Alkene

A

A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon double bond. General formula: CnH2n

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8
Q

Alkyl group

A

A group formed by removing one H atom from an alkane.

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9
Q

Alkyne

A

A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond.

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10
Q

Boiling point

A

The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure.

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11
Q

Carbonyl group

A

Functional group of ketones (>C=O)

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12
Q

Carboxyl group

A

Functional group of carboxylic acids (-COOH)

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13
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH group). General formula: CnH2n + 1COOH (or RCOOH)

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14
Q

Chain isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different types of chains.

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15
Q

Condensation polymer

A

A polymer formed by two monomers with different functional groups that are linked together in a condensation reaction in which a small molecule, usually water, is lost.

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16
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Molecules of two monomers with different functional groups undergo condensation reactions with the loss of small molecules, usually water

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17
Q

Condensed structural formula

A

A formula that shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in the molecule, but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines.

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18
Q

Cracking

A

The chemical process in which longer chain hydrocarbon molecules are broken down to shorter more useful molecules.

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19
Q

Dehydration

A

Elimination of water from a compound usually such as an alcohol.

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20
Q

Dehydrohalogenation

A

The elimination of hydrogen and a halogen from a haloalkane.

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21
Q

Dipole-dipole force

A

Intermolecular forces found between polar molecules i.e. molecules in which there is an uneven distribution of charge so that the molecule has a positive and a negative side.

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22
Q

Elimination reaction

A

A reaction in which elements of the starting material are “lost” and a double bond is formed.

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23
Q

Esterification

A

The preparation of an ester from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol.

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24
Q

Functional group

A

A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds.

25
Q

Functional isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different functional groups.

26
Q

Haloalkane (Alkyl halide)

A

An organic compound in which one or more H atoms in an alkane have been replaced with halogen atoms. General formula: CnH2n + 1X (X = F, Cℓ, Br or I)

27
Q

Halogenation

A

The reaction of a halogen (Br2, Cℓ2) with a compound.

28
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula and that have the same functional group. OR A series of organic compounds in which one member differs from the next with a CH2 group.

29
Q

Hydration

A

The addition of water to a compound.

30
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.

31
Q

Hydrogenation

A

The addition of hydrogen to an alkene

32
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A strong intermolecular force found between molecules in which an H atom is covalently bonded to wither an N, O or F atom.

33
Q

Hydrohalogenation

A

The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene.

34
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The reaction of a compound with water.

35
Q

Intermolecular force

A

Forces between molecules that determine physical properties of compounds.

36
Q

IUPAC name

A

A chemical nomenclature (set of rules) created and developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to generate systematic names for chemical compounds.

37
Q

London force

A

A weak intermolecular force between non-polar molecules.

38
Q

Macromolecule

A

A molecule that consists of a large number of atoms.

39
Q

Melting point

A

The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are at equilibrium.

40
Q

Molecular formula

A

A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each in a molecule, e.g. CH4.

41
Q

Monomer

A

Small organic molecules that can be covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern.

42
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Chemistry of carbon compounds.

43
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule composed of smaller monomer units covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern

44
Q

Polymerisation

A

A chemical reaction in which monomer molecules join to form a polymer

45
Q

Positional isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different positions of the side chain, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain.

46
Q

Primary alcohol

A

The C atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to ONE other C atom.

47
Q

Primary haloalkane

A

The C atom bonded to the halogen is bonded to ONE other C atom.

48
Q

Saturated compounds

A

Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. OR Compounds with only single bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.

49
Q

Secondary alcohol

A

The C atom bonded to hydroxyl group is bonded to TWO other C atoms.

50
Q

Secondary haloalkane

A

The C atom bonded to the halogen is bonded to ONE other C atom.

51
Q

Structural formula

A

A structural formula of a compound shows which atoms are attached to which within the molecule. Atoms are represented by their chemical symbols and lines are used to represent ALL the bonds that hold the atoms together.

52
Q

Structural isomer

A

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae.

53
Q

Substituent (branch)

A

A group or branch attached to the longest continuous chain of C atoms in an organic compound.

54
Q

Substitution reaction

A

A reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

55
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

The C atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to THREE other C atoms.

56
Q

Tertiary haloalkane

A

The C atom bonded to the halogen is bonded to THREE other C atoms.

57
Q

Unsaturated compounds

A

Compounds in which there are multiple bonds (double or triple bonds) between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.

58
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

A combined name used for the different types of intermolecular forces.

59
Q

Vapour pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.

Chemistry Gr 12 NSC (8 decks)

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