matter and energy Flashcards
What is the smallest element?
Atom
What are the parts of an atom?
Protons, neutrons, and electrons
What is matter?
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
What states does matter exist?
solid, liquid, and gas
What does the principle of conservation of matter state?
States that, under ordinary circumstances, matter is
neither created nor destroyed but rather is
recycled over and over again.
What are atoms composed of?
a nucleus
Which particle of the atom is positively charge?
proton
Which particle of the atom is negatively charged?
electron
Which particle of the atom is neutral or no charge?
neutron
What is an element?
Atoms/matter/periodic table. Elements symbols have 1 or 2 Letters
Substances composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components.
What is a Isotope?
Atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons.
What is ionic bonding?
involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
What is covalent bonding?
Involves the sharing of electrons
What is an example of ionic bonding?
sodium (Na), atomic number =11
chlorine (CI), atomic number =17
bonded - NaCI or halite, table salt
What are the two exceptions of the Octet Rule?
Ionic vs covalent bonding
What is the Octet Rule?
All atoms want 8 electrons in their outermost shell.
What is the difference between organic vs inorganic molecules?
Organic are those with at least one carbon atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Inorganic is not deriving from living matter-ex. minerals or anything manmade.
What are forms of matter?
elements, atoms, compounds: organic or inorganic
what is atomic number?
The atomic number of an element listed in the periodic table according to the number of protons in its nucleus.
What is atomic mass?
the sum of the # of proton + neutrons in each nucleus
What are compounds?
something formed by a union of elements or parts
especially : a distinct substance formed by chemical union of two or more ingredients in definite proportion by weight
What is a molecule?
A pair or group of atoms that can exist as a single unit.
What are the four major categories of organic compounds in living things?
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
What is energy?
Energy is the ability to do work such as moving matter over a distance or causing a heat transfer between two objects at
different temperatures.
Energy can take many different forms. Heat, light, electricity, and chemical energy are examples that we all experience.
What is kinetic energy?
The energy contained in moving objects.
What is potential energy?
Stored energy that is available for use.
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change form.
What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
As energy is converted from one form to another it becomes less useful
(it is degraded)
Energy can’t be recycled
The earth is an opened system.
What is photosynthesis?
Solar radiation for life-sustaining energy, which is captured by green plants, algae, and some bacteria in a process.
What are examples of inorganic molecules?
A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and a specific internal crystal structure.
Metals (such as iron, copper, aluminum, or gold) come from mineral ores, but once
purified, metals are no longer crystalline and thus are not minerals.
A rock is a solid, cohesive aggregate of one or more minerals.
What are the results of resource extracts?
environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, potential food shortages, economic instability, increased pollution, and ultimately, a threat to human survival if critical resources like water and clean air become depleted due to unsustainable usage.
What is hydraulic fracturing?
Involves injecting of a mixture of water, sand, and various chemicals into the ground and rock formations at extremely high pressure. The pressurized fluid cracks sediments and releases of gas
What are the issues associated with using nuclear energy?
disposal of the radioactive waste
Where does the US get the vast majority of its energy source from?
Fossil fuel
What is one of the most potential renewable resources that is not evenly distributed across the continents?
Water
Which resource is vital and at risk of being damaged by human activities?
soil, from agriculture which leads to erosion
What are living organism like trees and fish collectively referred as? and what are their dangers?
biomass, are in danger of being overharvested.
What are the three potential resources of biodiversity?
genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity
What is the importance of genetic diversity?
crucial for a species’ long-term survival as it allows populations to adapt to changing environments by providing a range of genetic traits, enabling some individuals to better withstand challenges like disease, climate change, or new predators, thus increasing the chances of the species persisting through generations; essentially, the more diverse the gene pool, the better equipped a species is to evolve and thrive in varying conditions.
What is the importance of species diversity?
crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems, every species plays a role in the environment.
What is the importance of ecosystem diversity?
Crucial because it ensures the stability and functionality of an ecosystem, providing essential services like clean air, water, and food for humans by maintaining a balance of species that interact with each other and their environment, making the ecosystem more resilient to disturbances like climate change or disease outbreaks; in essence, a diverse ecosystem is better equipped to support life on Earth, including human life, than one with low diversity.
What is quality of matter and energy?
The quality of mattter and energy if the function of the concentration of matter/energy. The more concentrated, the higher the quality (the more useful)
Is the earth system with respect to matter open? Yes or No and Why?
Yes. You can’t get rid of anything; you can only change its form or move it some place else.
Y
What is energy?
The ability to do work, such as moving matter over distance or causing heat transfers between 2 object at different temperatures
What are the various forms for energy?
Potential energy (stored)
Kinetic energy (moving objects)
Heat, light, chemical
What is maximum sustainable yield?
the maximum amount of renewable and nonrenewable resources that can be removed/harvested each year without fundamentally damaging resources ability to provide in the future.
What happens to the resource if you exceed maximum sustainable yield?
it becomes a nonrenewable resource.
What are the main nonrenewable resources of energy?
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear energy
What are renewable resources?
water, wind, and solar
What are the nonrenewable resources of matter?
Minerals, rocks, and metal
What are some renewable potential resources of matter?
biomass (trees & fish), soil and water and biodiversity: genetic, species, and ecosystems
How do coal, oil, and natural gas form?
the remains of dead plants and animals from millions of years ago are buried under layers of sediment, subjected to intense heat and pressure over time, transforming the organic matter into these sources.
What is the importance of cycling of matter/energy and flow of energy?
cycling is crucial for the sustainability of life on earth as it ensures that essential nutrients are continuously recycled and available to organisms, allowing ecosystem to function and maintain a balanced distribution of resources, preventing depletion of vital elements like carbon, nitrogen, and water.
What make a resource potential renewable?
if it can be replenished or regenerated, or if it has a seemingly endless supply. if it can be replenished over time and include sunlight, wind water, plants, and trees.
What makes a resource nonrenewable?
if it cannot be replenished naturally at a rate that keeps up with consumption and include fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, as well as earth minerals and metal ores. Nonrenewable resources are finite and will eventually run out.
What are issues with solar, wind, hydropower, and geothermal energy?
all depand on weather conditions, large land requirements, potential environmental impacts like disruption to wildlife habitats, high upfront costs, and geographical limitation (not equally accessible in all locations. Hydropower face concerns with altering water flow and impacting ecosystems due to dam construction.
What is the resource that uses earth’s internal temperature to provide a energy source?
geothermal energy
What resource uses ethanol and biodiesel as a newst form of biomass?
biofuels (are liquid fuels produced from renewable biological sources, including plants and algae.
What main plant material can be used for fuel?
corn
What can grow rapidly under hot and saline condition and produce lipid oil and convert to biodiesel?
algae
What is the older form of energy that used by humans?
moving water
What is the fastest growing energy source?
Wind energy
