Matter Flashcards
The scientific study of matter and the physical and chemical changes of matter.
Chemistry
Anything that occupies space and has weight.
Ex: nails, hair, skin. Water and oxygen.
Matter
Some matter is living and some matter is not. It is the presence of the element ________ that distinguishes living matter from non living matter.
Carbon
Two divisions of Chemistry for each kind of matter
All matter that is living or was alive at one timen - with carbon present - plants and animals:
Matter that is not alive or has never been alive - no carbon present - rocks, water, minerals:
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Matter exists in three basic forms
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Matter with definite weight, volume and shape
Solid
Matter with definite weight and volume, but no shape
Liquid
Matter with definite weight but indefinite volume and shape.
Gas
Matter can be changed from one form nin two ways:
Physical change
Chemical change
A change in the physical characteristics of a substance without creating a new substance
Ex: melting ice or freezing water, breaking a glass, shredding paper
Physical change
A change in a substance that creates a new substance with chemical characteristics different from those of the original substance
Ex: iron changing to rust, hair color change by mixing color and hydrogen peroxide.
Chemical change
Basic substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances.
All matter consists of atoms which make up ________
Elements
Hair comprises two solids:
And three gases:
COHNS
Carbon and sulfur
Hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen
The most abundant element in the earth’s crust, and the second most abundant element in the earth’s atmosphere
Oxygen
The smallest complete unit of an element
Atom
Three main parts of an atom
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Protons and neutrons pack together tightly to form a dense core or _____ at the center of the atom. Electrons move about the neuclus on orbiting paths at nearly the speed of light
Neucleus
Protons
Positive electrical charge
Identify the atom (as, for example, hydrogen or oxygen…)
Neutrons
No electrical charge - neutral charge
Determines the weight of the atom
Electrons
Negative electrical charge.
Help atoms unite with other atoms to form bonds
The atomic number indicates how many _______ are in a single atom
Which element has the simplest atomic structure?
Protons
Hydrogen is 1 - only 1 proton and 1 electron.
The chemical behavior of an atom depends on the number of _______ in its outermost orbiting path or shell.
Stable vs unstable atoms
Electrons
Stable atoms: are not missing any electron sin their outer shell
Unstable atoms: missing electrons - these atoms seek other atoms to share electrons. When they combine they create complex units know as molecules.
When two or more atoms are joined together by a chemical bond.
Formed when unstable atoms combine by sharing electrons
Molecule
Amino acids are chemical compounds consisting of:
They join together to create _______
Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
Proteins
Hair is a form of protein called
Keratin
Hair is 97% keratin, 3% trace minerals
Keratin contains 19 amino acids
The chain or __________ , makes each type of protein one of a kind
The order in which amino acids link together
The amino acids that create protein are linked together end to ende by a __________ also know as an _______
Formed when two amino acids are positioned end to end and attach to eachother
Peptide bond
End bond
The backbone of all protein molecules
Peptide bond
When thousands of amino acids are linked together lengthwise to form a chain
Polypeptide bond
When doing hair remember:
Hair is the linking together of :
Do not disturb the:
Protein groups
Peptide bonds
When amino acids combine to form the keratin protein of hair they take on a spiral configuration and link together by four _____
When performing chemical services it’s ok to alter this bond
Side bonds
Hydrogen bond
Salt bond
Disulfide bond
Van der walls forces
Unlike charges attract
Weak bonds that can be broken by heat or water.
They give hair their shape
Gives hair 35% of its strength
Hydrogen bonds
Unlike charges attract
Help organize protein chains
Account for another 35% of hair’s resistance to change
Not very strong bonds, can be weaker by water
Salt bonds
These bonds can be altered by water and re shaped using heat
What will always restore the original hydrogen and salt bonds
Hydrogen and salt bonds
Humidity
Sulfur-containing side bonds
Most important bonds to hair stylists
Can be chemically changed for lasting results
Ex: perms and relaxers
Disulfide Bond
