Mating and Eggs Flashcards
Male chromosome are __ and females are ___
ZZ, ZW
____ determine gender
females
___ ____ is absent, and the _____ ____ is smaller
right ovary, right testis
No external genitalia, except _____
waterfowl
Copulation lasts only a few seconds and can be called a _______
“cloaca kiss”
Testis vary in size, monogamy related to ____ testis
larger
_________ in brain triggers other hormones.
hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary is associated with ____ and ____.
FSH and LH
FSH is related to…
gametogenesis
LH is related to…
hormones in testis, development of follicles
Gonads produce…
testosterone and estrogen
Estrogen is involved in
nest building and parental care
Testosterone is involved in
aggression, plumage, and colors
Testosterone is higher in ______ _____ than the ____.
Polyandrous females, males
Some males exhibit territorial behavior while testosterone is ___.
low
Other hormones control ____ _____.
Male behavior
Effects of testosterone differ even in different ____.
populations (white crowned sparrows)
The shell is ____ and has __ layers.
porous, 2
Inner layers of egg continous with choriallantois, it is ____ and has ___ _____.
vascularized, gas exchange
Eggs contain pigments for….
camouflage and strength
_____ ___ do not roll and are used by cliff nesters.
pointed eggs
What are the 4 embryonic layers?
Amnion - around embryo
Yolk Sac
Allantois - waste
Chorion - around everything, continuous with shell
More yolk in ______ young.
precocial
-Longer time in egg, born advanced
More _______ in second eggs.
testosterone
What are the two types of resource allocation?
Capital breeders - egg resources come from stored energy (ducks)
Income breeders - resources directly from daily energy intake
What are the two ways of replacing eggs?
Determinate layers - lost eggs are not replaced
Indeterminate - eggs are replaced (ducks)
Most complex nests are made by _______.
Passeriformes
Three types of nests…
Cavity or hole nest
Open-cup
Dome
_____ nests are the most complex
Hanging
What are the 4 ways to keep a nest safe?
Location
Chase predators
Draw predators away from nests
Remove eggshells
What is involved with picking location of a nest?
- Inaccessible : cliff, water
- Hidden
- Camouflaged: mud, sticks
- Enclosed, difficult access
- Near large animals or stinging insects
Stone-curlew nest near crocodiles
Incubation must be kept at ___-___ degrees.
35-40
______ hormone increases parental behaviors, ______ inhibits.
Prolactin, testosterone
Both parents incubate in about ___% of families.
50
Even in female only incubation, males _______.
provide food
_____ in incubation often have a ritual.
Shifts
Most species incubate with body heat, enhanced by _____ _____.
brood patches
__________ build compost heap so they do not have to sit on the eggs.
Moundbuilders
How do birds cool eggs?
sprinkle water, eggs need to be turned
Birds can hatch ________ or _______.
Synchronous or asynchronous
What is pipping?
Chicks hatching, punctures the air chamber then shell counterclockwise
-takes 2 days, hatching muscles on neck and egg tooth
Precocial young is most likely an ______ condition.
ancestral
-fossil embryos in egg with feathers
________ advantage is faster development (3-4x)
altricial
Parenting involves
brooding (protection and feeding
Chicks require a lot of protein…
Seed eaters feed invertebrates to young
Pigeons, penguins feed esophageal fluids, protein rich
Begging call and gaping mouths stimulate _________.
feeding behaviors
Sibling rivalry…
Common in species with staggered hatching
Siblicide in eagles and most herons
Parents are usually passive
