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SPI > Math, Sound, Parameters > Flashcards

Math, Sound, Parameters Flashcards

1
Q

Unrelated

A

Two unassociated items

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2
Q

Related/proportional

A

Unspecific affiliation

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3
Q

Directly related or directly proportional

A

Two items that are associated
- when one increases, the other increases

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4
Q

Inversely related or inversely proportional

A

Two items that are opposingly associated
- when one increases, the other decreases

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5
Q

Reciprocal relation

A

Form of inverse relationship, when two items are multiplied together they equal 1
Ex. 2 and 1/2, 10 and 1/10

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6
Q

A positive exponent is

A

Greater than 10

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7
Q

A negative exponent is

A

Less than 1

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8
Q

Giga

A

10^9, G

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9
Q

Mega

A

10^6, M

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10
Q

Kilo

A

10^3, k

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11
Q

Hecto

A

10^2, h

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12
Q

Deca

A

10^1, da

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13
Q

Deci

A

10^-1, d

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14
Q

Centi

A

10^-2, c

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15
Q

Milli

A

10^-3, m

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16
Q

Micro

A

10^-6

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17
Q

Nano

A

10^-9, n

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18
Q

How are ultrasound images produced?

A

Transducer sends sound waves through media, reflections from boundaries between structures return and create images

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19
Q

What kind of waves are sound waves?

A

Mechanical

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20
Q

What is a mechanical wave?

A

Particles in the medium move

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21
Q

What is rarefaction?

A

Stretching apart of the molecules

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22
Q

What direction do soundwaves travel? What is the type of wave called?

A

Travel in a straight line, never backwards
They are longitudinal

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23
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

The particles in the medium squeeze together and stretch apart as sound wave passes through
Peaks are compression, rarefaction is trough

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24
Q

What are acoustic propagation properties?

A

Effects of the medium upon the sound wave

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25
Q

What are biologic effects?

A

Effects of the sound wave upon tissue that it passes through

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26
Q

What three factors distinguish a sound wave?

A

Pressure, density, distance

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27
Q

What is pressure?

A

Concentration of a force in an area, unit pascals

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28
Q

What is density?

A

Concentration of mass in a volume, unit kg/m^3, g/cm^3

29
Q

What is distance?

A

Measure of particle motion

30
Q

What are the seven acoustic parameters?

A
  • period
  • frequency
  • amplitude
  • power
  • intensity
  • wavelength
  • propagation speed
31
Q

What is period? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • amount of time for wave to vibrate one cycle
  • unit: time
  • range: 0.06-0.5 microseconds
  • controlled by source
  • not adjustable
32
Q

What is frequency? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • number of wave cycles that occur within 1 second
  • units: units/second Hz
  • range: 2-15MHz
  • source
  • not adjustable
33
Q

What is infrasound?

A

Frequency less than 20 Hz

34
Q

What is audible sound?

A

Frequency between 20 Hz-20 kHz

35
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

Frequency greater than 20 kHz

36
Q

What is the relationship between period and frequency?

A

Inverse, reciprocal
When frequency increases, period decreases

37
Q

What is 1 hertz?

A

1cycle/second

38
Q

If a wave has a period of 1/8 s, what is the frequency?

A

8 Hz

39
Q

What are the 3 bigness parameters?

A

Amplitude, power, intensity
Describe magnitude

40
Q

What is amplitude? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • difference between max or min value and the average, scale size of wave
  • unit: pascal, density, distance, dB
  • range: 1MPa-3 MPa
  • controlled by source
  • can be initially adjusted
41
Q

What happens to amplitude as sound propagates?

A

It decreases depending on wave and medium characteristics

42
Q

What is power? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • rate of energy transfer
  • units: watts
  • range: 4-90 milliwatts
  • controlled by source
  • initially adjustable
43
Q

What happens to amplitude when power increases

A

Amplitude increases

44
Q

Power is proportional to

A

Amplitude^2

45
Q

What is intensity? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • Concentration of energy in a sound beam
  • unit: watts/cm^2
  • range: 0.01-300 w/cm^2
  • controlled by source
  • initially adjustable
46
Q

Intensity is proportional to

A

Power and amplitude^2

47
Q

What is wavelength? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • distance or length of one complete cycle
  • units: length
  • range: 0.1-0.8 mm
  • controlled by source and medium
  • not adjustable
48
Q

Wavelength is the only parameter that is

A

Controlled by both source and medium

49
Q

What is the difference between wavelength and period?

A

Wavelength is the distance of 1 cycle, period is the time to complete 1 cycle

50
Q

What is the relation between wavelength and frequency?

A

Inverse
When frequency increases, wavelength decreases

51
Q

What is the wavelength of sound with a frequency of 1 MHz in soft tissue?

A

1.54 mm

52
Q

How do you find the wavelength of a sound wave?

A

1.54 mm/microsecond divided by frequency

53
Q

What is an in-phase wave?

A

Peaks and troughs of two waves occur at same time and same location

54
Q

What is an out-of-phase wave?

A

Peaks and troughs occur at different times

55
Q

What is interference?

A

Multiple sound beams arrive at the same location at the same time and combine to form one wave

56
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

In-phase waves form one wave with greater amplitude

57
Q

What is destructive interference?

A

Out-of-phase waves form one wave with lesser amplitude

58
Q

What is complete destructive interference?

A

Two out of phase waves with equal amplitude cancel each other out

59
Q

What kind of interference happens to waves with different frequencies?

A

They are in and out of phase at different times so both constructive and destructive interference occur

60
Q

What is propagation speed? Unit? Value range? Controlled by? Adjustable?

A
  • rate that sound wave travels through a medium
  • units: distance/time
  • range: 500-4000 m/s
  • controlled by medium
61
Q

What is the propagation speed of sound in soft tissue?

A

1540 m/s

62
Q

How do you calculate speed?

A

Frequency x wavelength

63
Q

What is stiffness? How does it affect speed?

A
  • the ability of an object to resist compression
  • stiffer material = faster speed
64
Q

What is density? How does it affect speed?

A
  • relative weight of a material
  • inverse relation
  • denser material = decreased speed
65
Q

If two media are equally stiff, the denser medium has a ______ speed.

A

Lower

66
Q

What allows sound to travel fastest?

A

Stiff and not dense medium ex. Bone

67
Q

What causes speed to travel at the slowest speed?

A

Not stiff and very dense medium

68
Q

What has the biggest influence on speed?

A

Stiffness

SPI (9 decks)

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