Maternity Nursing Chap 8 Flashcards
A(n) __________ before conception is the best way to ensure that adequate nutrients are available for the developing fetus. _________ intake is of particular concern to prevent ___________ defects.
- healthful diet
- folic acid (folate)
- neural tube
Maternal malnutrition can impair fetal growth and development, resulting in _________ . Poor weight gain early in pregnancy increases the risk for giving birth to a(n) _________ infant, whereas inadequate gain during the last half of pregnancy increases risk for _________ birth.
- intrauterine growth restriction
- small for gestational age
- preterm
When individualizing the recommended daily intake of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation, nurses need to consider variations in a pregnant woman’s situation, including __________, ___________, ___________, number of fetuses, and alteration in health. energy needs are met by carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the diet and should be increased during the second and third trimesters by 340 kcal and 462 kcal respectively above prepregnancy needs.
- age
- activity level
- current weight
Women at greatest risk for inadequate protein intake include ________, ____________, and ___________.
- pregnant adolescents
- poor women
- women who adhere to unusual diets
Poor iron intake and absorption can lead to the development of ________ during pregnancy. If iron deficiency anemia is present, doses of __________ are recommended.
- iron deficiency anemia
- 60-120 mg of ferrous iron daily
__________ is the inability to digest milk sugar because of the absence of the lactase enzyme in the small intestine.
-lactose intolerance
____________ is the practice of consuming nonfood such as clay, dirt, or laundry starch or excessive amounts of food stuffs low in nutritional value such as cornstarch, ice, baking powder, or soda. A craving is the urge to consume specific types of foods such as ice cream, pickles, and pizza.
-pica
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Assessment of nutritional status begins with a diet history, which should include _________, __________, and herbal supplements. Physical examination includes anthropometric measurements such as height and weight. Calculation of the body mass index (BMI) is the method of evaluating the appropriateness of weight for height and is used to guide a woman’s weight gain during pregnancy.
- OB/GYN effects on nutrition
- medical history
Vegetarian diets can vary in terms of the foods allowed. Basic to all vegetarian diets are _________, ________, ________, __________, ___________, and _________. A(n) _______ diet includes fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products but does not allow beef or pork. _______ consume dairy products and plant products. _________ or __________ consume only plant products.
- vegetables
- fruits
- legumes
- nuts
- seeds
- grains
- semi vegetarian
- lacto-ovo vegetarian
- vegans
- strict vegetarian
_______ or heartburn is caused by reflux from the stomach into the esophagus.
-pyrosis
Protein–importance and common food sources:
- synthesis of the products of conceptio
- growth of maternal tissue and expansion of blood volume
- secretion of milk
- protein during lactation
-meats, eggs, cheese, yogurt, legumes (dry beans and peas, peanuts), nuts, grains
Iron–importance and common food sources:
- maternal hemoglobin formation
- fetal liver iron storage
-liver, meats, whole grain or enriched breads and cereals, deep green leafy vegetables, legumes, dried fruits
Calcium /phosphorus–importance and common food sources:
- fetal and infant skeleton and tooth formation
- maintenance of maternal bone and tooth mineralization
-milk, cheese, yogurt, sardines or other fish eaten with bones left in, deep green leafy vegetables except spinach or Swiss chard, calcium set tofu, baked beans, tortillas
Zinc–importance and common food sources:
- component of numerous enzyme systems
- possibly important in preventing congenital malformations
-liver, shellfish, meats, whole grains, milk
fat soluble vitamins (A, E, D)–importance and common food sources:
- A: essential for cell development, tooth bud formation, bone growth (deep green leafy vegetables, dark yellow vegetables, fruits, chili peppers, liver, fortified margarine and butter)
- D: involved in absorption of calcium and phosphorus, improves mineralization (fortified milk and margarine, egg yolk, butter, liver, seafood)
- E: antioxidant (protects cell membranes from damage), especially important for preventing breakdown of RBCs (vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, liver, nuts and seeds, cheese, fish)
water soluble vitamins (folate, B6, B12, C)–importance and common food sources:
- folate: prevention of neural tube defects, support for increased maternal RBC formation (fortified ready to eat cereals and other grain products, green leafy vegetables, oranges, broccoli, asparagus, artichokes, liver)
- B6: involved in protein metabolism (meats, liver, deep green vegetables, whole grains)
- B12: production of nucleic acids and proteins, especially important in formation of RBC and neural functioning (milk and milk products, eggs, meats, liver, fortified soy milk
- C: tissue formation and integrity, formation of connective tissue, enhancement of iron absorption (citrus fruits, strawberries, melons, broccoli, tomatoes, peppers, raw deep green leafy vegetables)
