Maternal And Child Health Flashcards
Definition of maternal and child Health
Definition
•“Maternal and Child health (MCH) refers to the
promotive,
preventive,
curative,
and rehabilative health care
for mothers and children.
It includes the sub areas of
maternal health,
child health,
family planning,
school health,
handicapped children,
adolescence,
and health aspects of care of children in special settings such as day care.”
Full meaning of MCH
Maternal & Child Health
Components of MCH 6
Components of MCH
•Maternal health
•Family planning
•Child health
•School health
•Handicapped children
•Care of children in special setting such as Day care
Definition of maternal health
Definition
•Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
While motherhood is often a positive and fulfilling experience, for too many women it is associated with suffering, ill-health and even death.
Issues in maternal health ?
•Fact 1: Nearly 830 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth.
— e.g. hypertension, Gestational diabetes, Infections, Preeclampsia, Preterm labor, Miscarriage, Still birth etc.
•Fact 2: Women die in pregnancy and childbirth for 5 main reasons
•Fact 3: More than 135 million women give birth per year
Fact 4: About 16 million girls aged between 15 and 19 give birth each year
• Fact 5: Maternal health mirrors the gap between the rich and the poor
Other issues in maternal and child health
•Other issues:
•Smoking
•Depression
•Violence
•Discrimination (nutrition, education, social rights, culturally)
•Fact 1: Nearly 830 women die every day due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth
•About 303 000 women will die worldwide (in 2015) due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries, conditions related to pregnancy and childbirth constitute the second leading causes (after HIV/AIDS) of death among women of reproductive age.
•Fact 2: Women die in pregnancy and childbirth for 5 main reasons
These are:
severe bleeding,
infections,
unsafe abortion,
hypertensive disorders (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia),
and medical complications like cardiac disease, diabetes, or HIV/AIDS complicating or complicated by pregnancy.
•Fact 3: More than 135 million women give birth per year
About 20 million of them are estimated to experience pregnancy-related illness after childbirth. The list of morbidities is long and diverse, and includes fever, anaemia, fistula, incontinence, infertility and depression. Women who suffer from fistula are often stigmatized and ostracized by their husbands, families and communities.
Fact 4: About 16 million girls aged between 15 and 19 give birth each year
They account for more than 10% of all births. In the developing world, about 90% of the births to adolescents occur in marriage. In low- and middle-income countries, complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls
• Fact 5: Maternal health mirrors the gap between the rich and the poor
Less than 1% of maternal deaths occur in high-income countries. The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries is 239 per 100 000 births versus 12 per 100 000 in developed countries. Also, maternal mortality is higher in rural areas and among poorer and less educated communities.
Fast Facts about Maternal Health…WHO Fact sheet
•Every day, approximately 830 women die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth.
•99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries.
•Maternal mortality is higher in women living in rural areas and among poorer communities.
•Young adolescents face a higher risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than other women.
•Skilled care before, during and after childbirth can save the lives of women and newborn babies.
•Between 1990 and 2015, maternal mortality worldwide dropped by about 44%.
Maternal death
•Defined as death of either a pregnant woman or death of woman within 42 days of delivery, spontaneous abortion or termination providing the death is associated with pregnancy or its treatment.
Maternal death : the death of a woman while pregnant, ( or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy)
— irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy
— all maternal deaths are with direct obstetric death or indirect obstetric deaths.
— accidental or incidental causes of death are not classified as maternal death
Why women are dying?
Why women are dying?
Women die as a result of complications during and following pregnancy and childbirth.
The major complications that account for nearly 75% of all maternal deaths are:
•severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth)
infections (usually after childbirth)
•high blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia)
•complications from delivery
•unsafe abortion
•The remainder are caused by or associated with diseases such as malaria, and AIDS during pregnancy.
Global Causes of Maternal Mortality
Global Causes of Maternal Mortality
The complications leading to a maternal death can occur without warning at any time during pregnancy and childbirth. And for every woman who dies, approximately 20 more suffer injuries, infection and disabilities. Most maternal deaths can be prevented if births are attended by skilled health personnel – doctors, nurses and midwives – who are regularly supervised, have the proper equipment and supplies, and can refer women in a timely manner to emergency obstetric care services when complications are diagnosed. Complications require prompt access to quality obstetric services equipped to provide lifesaving drugs, antibiotics and transfusions and to perform Caesarean sections and other surgical interventions.
•Source: WHO, Systematic Review of Causes of Maternal Death (preliminary data), 2010.
Why do women not get the care they need? Why do these women die?
3 Delay models
Why do women not get the care they need? Why do these women die?
Three Delays Model
- Delay in decision to seek care
•Lack of understanding of complications
•Acceptance of maternal death
•Low status of women
•Socio-cultural barriers to seeking care - Delay in reaching care
•Mountains, islands, rivers — poor organization - Delay in receiving care
•Supplies, personnel
•Poorly trained personnel with punitive attitude
•Finances
Where do Maternal Mortality data come from?
Where do Maternal Mortality data come from?
•Vital registration data - MM Rate and MM Ratio
•Health service data – maternity registers - MM Ratio
•Special studies
•Hospital studies – tracing deaths, interviews
•Research, longitudinal studies, verbal autopsy
•Surveys & censuses
•Direct estimation - Rate and Ratio
•Sisterhood method (indirect) – Rate and Ratio
Why has the mortality declined?(Interventions for Maternal Care).
Interventions for Maternal Care
•SAFE MOTHERHOOD
•SD
•ANC
•EOC
•FP
•BASIC MATERNITY CARE
•PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
•EQUITY FOR WOMEN
•FP: Family planning, ANC: Antenatal care, SD : Clean safe delivery, EOC: Emergency obstetrics care
Safe mother hood diagram
Slides
Full meaning of the following
FP
ANC
SD
EOC
FP——-Family planning
ANC—- Antenatal care
SD——- clean Safe delivery
EOC—- Emergency obstetric care
Other Interventions for Maternal Care
Other Interventions for Maternal Care
Antenatal care
•Nutrition support (anemia)
•Personal hygiene, dental care, rest and sleep
•Immunization (mother and the new born)
•Education on delivery and care of the new born
•Identifying high risk pregnancies
•Emphasizing on ANC visits and maintenance of AN card
•Importance and management of lactation
•Advise on birth spacing
Maternal Mortality Indicators
Maternal Mortality Indicators
•Maternal mortality ratio
•Maternal mortality rate
•Life-time risk of maternal mortality
•Proportion maternal
Other Maternal Mortality Indicators
Other Maternal Mortality Indicators
•Life time risk of maternal mortality = (N of maternal deaths over the reproductive life span) / (women entering the reproductive period)
•Proportion maternal = proportion of all female deaths due to maternal causes = (N of maternal deaths in a period/Number of all female deaths in same period) * 100
Child Health
• Facts about child health
Child Health
• Facts about child health
•An estimated 5.0 million children under the age of 5 died in 2020.More than half of these early child deaths are due to conditions that could be prevented or treated with access to simple, affordable interventions.
•Leading causes of death in under-5 children are preterm birth complications, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhoea and malaria. About 45% of all child deaths are linked to malnutrition.
•Children in sub-Saharan Africa are more than 14 times more likely to die before the age of 5 than children in developed regions.
