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PHYSICS AS > Materials vocabulary > Flashcards

Materials vocabulary Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the units of stress?

A

Nm^-2

pascal, Pa, for short

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2
Q

What is the symbol for stress?

A

σ

the Greek letter sigma

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3
Q

What is stress?

A

Force applied divided by the cross sectional area it is applied to (like pressure…)

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4
Q

What is the formula for stress?

A

stress = force/area

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5
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

A temporary change in shape that occurs when a stress is applied, the object returns to its original shape when the stress is removed.

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6
Q

What is NOT lost when an object returns to original shape after elastic deformation?

A

Energy

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7
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

A permanent change of shape that occurs when a stress is applied to an object

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8
Q

What are the units of strength?

A

Pascals, Pa

Nm^-2

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9
Q

Define the word ‘strong’

A

A large stress is needed to cause a failure

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10
Q

Define the word ‘strength’

A

The maximum stress a material can withstand before a failure

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11
Q

Why do some materials have two values for strength?

A

There are two types of failure: yielding and breaking/fracture

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12
Q

Define the word ‘weak’

A

Only a small stress is needed to cause a failure

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13
Q

What are the units of toughness?

A

J/m^2 (usually)

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14
Q

During which kind of deformation are large amounts of energy absorbed?

A

Plastic

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15
Q

What are the two definitions of toughness?

A
  • The energy required to create a new surface area (J/m^2)

- The energy absorbed per unit volume (J/m^3)

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16
Q

What is a tough material?

A
  • One that needs a large amount of energy to break it
  • One that undergoes a lot of plastic deformation before breaking (usually)
  • One that resists crack propagation
17
Q

What is crack propagation?

A

Any widening, lengthening or increase in numbers of cracks in an object

18
Q

What makes a material brittle?

A

(The opposite of tough)

  • Does not undergo much plastic deformation
  • Breaks soon after reaching the elastic limit
  • Cracks pass through material easily (and tend to be sudden and catastrophic)
19
Q

What are the units of hardness?

A

Pascals, Pa (Nm^-2)

20
Q

What makes a material hard?

A

Being resistive to dents and scratches

21
Q

What makes a material ductile?

A

Can be drawn easily into a wire

22
Q

What makes a material malleable?

A

Can be easily hammered or pressed into shape

23
Q

What is the difference between strength and toughness?

A

Strength is how much stress is needed to cause a failure whereas toughness is how much energy can be absorbed (through plastic deformation) before a failure

PHYSICS AS (12 decks)

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