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materials Flashcards

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1
Q

what is meant by breaking stress?

A

the maximum stress a material can withstand before fracturing

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2
Q

what are examples of materials with a high breaking stress?

A

nylon, metals

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3
Q

what are examples of materials with a low breaking stress?

A

glass, concrete

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4
Q

what is meant by a brittleness?

A

the material can break quickly when subject to tensile stress

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5
Q

what are some examples of brittle materials?

A

glass, ceramics

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6
Q

what are some examples of non-brittle materials?

A

rubber, metals

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7
Q

when does compressive force/stress occur?

A

when the applied force acts to squash a material

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8
Q

what is meant by a creep?

A

the continual extension over a long period of time caused by a constant load

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9
Q

what is a creep an example of?

A

plastic deformation

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10
Q

what is density a measure of?

A

the concentration of matter within it

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11
Q

what does density depend on?

A

the types of atoms from which the material is made and how they are combined

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12
Q

what are examples of materials with a high density?

A

lead, gold

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13
Q

what are examples of materials with a low density?

A

air, expanded polystyrene

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14
Q

what is destructive testing?

A

where the material is damaged or destroyed by the testing process

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15
Q

what are examples of destructive testing?

A

melting point, hardness

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16
Q

what is meant by a dislocation?

A

an imperfection in the crystal lattice of a metal due to missing atoms

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17
Q

how does a dislocation affect the crystal structure?

A

it deforms it as the atomic layers have to bend around the incomplete areas

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18
Q

how can isolated dislocations move through a stressed structure?

A

by a process of atoms breaking and then remaking bonds

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19
Q

what could happen if there was a large number of dislocations are created in a metal? (aka?)

A

they can become tangled which stops them moving and making the metal harder to deform (work hardening)

20
Q

what is meant if an object is ductile?

A

it can be drawn out into long threads by a tensile stress

21
Q

what is an example of a ductile material?

A

metals

22
Q

what are some examples of non-ductile materials?

A

glass, ceramics

23
Q

what happens during elastic deformation?

A

the bonds between atoms simply stretch, they dont break

24
Q

a stress- strain graph for elastic deformation is usually what kind of graph? (what is this proportionality called?)

A

a straight line (hooke’s law)

25
Q

what is an elastic limit?

A

the point beyond which elastic deformation ceases and plastic deformation begins

26
Q

what is electrical conductivity a measure of?

A

how easily electricity can flow through a material

27
Q

will a material with a high electrical conductivity be a good or poor conductor of electricity?

A

good

28
Q

will a material with a low electrical conductivity be a good or poor conductor of electricity? (meaning what?)

A

poor (its a good electrical insulator)

29
Q

what is the opposite of electrical conductivity?

A

electrical resistivity

30
Q

what do materials contain to be good conductors?

A

charged particles (usually electrons) that are free to move to carry electricity

31
Q

what are some examples of electrically conducting materials?

A

metals, graphite

32
Q

what are some examples of electrically insulating materials?

A

plastics, ceramics

33
Q

what is meant by endurance? (aka?)

A

the stress below which a material can withstand loading and unloading indefinitely without exhibiting fatigue (fatigue limit)

34
Q

what is an example of a high endurance material?

A

steel

35
Q

what is an example of a lowendurance material?

A

thermosetting plastics

36
Q

when does fatigue occur?

A

when a malleable material goes through repeated loading/unloading cycles which causes damage to the structure and the material eventually fractures

37
Q

what is a spring/force constant?

A

the ratio of the tensile force applied to a wire of spring to the extension produced

38
Q

how can the spring/force constant be found?

A

the gradient of a force-extension graph up to its limit of proportionality

39
Q

what is hardness a measure of?

A

how resistant an object is to plastic deformation

40
Q

what are some examples of hard materials?

A

glass, ceramics

41
Q

what are some examples of non-hard materials?

A

plastics, metals

42
Q

what is hooke’s law?

A

the force applied to a wire/spring is directly proportional to the extension produced provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

43
Q

what is meant by hysteresis?

A

when the loading and unloading curves don’t lie on top of each other

44
Q

what is meant by the limit of proportionality?

A

the point below which the force applied to a wire/spring is directly proportional to the extension produced

45
Q
A

physics (3 decks)

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