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IPD > Materials > Flashcards

Materials Flashcards

1
Q

Two (or more) layers adhered together; may be multiple layers of the same material or they may be different kinds of materials; makes the product stronger

A

Laminates

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2
Q

Products made up of layers adhered together primarily used as furniture surface materials or wall paneling

A

Decorative Laminate

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3
Q

Laminate layers include common substrates such as:
These substrates are also used for surfaces under laminated products such as engineered and laminated floors

A

Plywood, Particle Board, MDF

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4
Q

A mixture of a binder and crushed aggregate, usually marble; glass and other aggregates also used

A

Terrazzo

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5
Q

How might divider strips of brass, zinc, or plastic be used in terrazzo?

A

As control joints to control cracking or to create patterns

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6
Q

Aggregate chips used in terrazzo are graded by:

A

Size

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7
Q

The simplest recipe for concrete:

A

Water, aggregate, Portland cement

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8
Q

Admixtures for concrete include

A

Fly ash, air-entraining, accelerants, retardants, glass fiber reinforced concrete

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9
Q

Common concrete finishes:

A

Honed, polished, ground and polished, stamped textures

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10
Q

Methods of customizing concrete floors:

A

Pigments, staining, acid etching

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11
Q

Advantages of concrete

A

Incredibly durable, adhesive-resistant, limitless color finishes, multiple sheen finishes, blocks moisture and vapors (if installed properly), excellent choice for allergy sufferers, low VOC, green, effective fire shield

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12
Q

Disadvantages of concrete

A

Slippery when wet if glossy finish, reflects sound and can be loud, cold underfoot unless radiant heat system or can absorb direct sunlight, large-scale installations can take multiple days

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13
Q

Three primary classifications of rock

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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14
Q

Type of rock formed from magma

A

Igneous

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15
Q

igneous rock formed slowly deep within the earth forming larger crystals; coarse-grained

A

Intrusive

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16
Q

Igneous rock forms closer to the earth’s surface, cools faster; fine-grained; ex: basalt

A

Extrusive

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17
Q

Granular and crystalline in texture; classified fine, medium, or coarse; igneous rock with at least 20% quartz by volume; most commonly used

A

Granite

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18
Q

Type of rock created from erosion from the forces of nature creates small particle; weight of layers forces particles to bind

A

Sedimentary

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19
Q

Examples of sedimentary materials

A

Shale, sandstone, limestone, travertine

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20
Q

Examples of igneous materials

A

granite, diorite, pumice, obsidian, basalt

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21
Q

Sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite; pure is mostly white and more uniform in its physical properties than travertine; cream, tan and reddish-colored varieties along with veining and other variations are found when other minerals exist; can contain fossils; very dense rock, historically used for architectural vertical elements

A

Limestone

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22
Q

A form of limestone; sedimentary rock deposited from natural springs, usually hot springs; pits created as water and vapor travels through limestone beds and dissolves the calcite carbonates- causes holes, needs to be sealed; fairly easily worked, light in weight; not good in kitchen counters or backsplashes

A

Travertine

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23
Q

Type of rock formed through heat and pressure applied to igneous or sedimentary rocks; makes up a large part of the Earth’s crust

A

Metamorphic

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24
Q

Layering within metamorphic rock

A

Foliation

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25
Q

Types of metamorphic materials

A

Slate, quartzite, marble

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26
Q

Fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock; derived from shale rock of clay or volcanic ash; very commonly used as roof tiles through history; pale to dark grey, purple, green, cyan, and rust colors

A

Slate

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27
Q

Made up of grains of quartz sand cemented together with silica and is usually distinguishable by its coarse, crystalline appearance; very hard natural stone with dramatic variation among the different types

A

Quartzite

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28
Q

Stone prized for its translucency; tiles are sometimes used as lighting diffusers they transmit so much light; most accurately a microcrystalline quartz

A

Onyx

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29
Q

Non-foliated metamorphic rock, most commonly from limestone; milky field colors with alternate colored veins; historically sued in architecture and sculpture

A

Marble

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30
Q

Generic flat stone; fine-grained sandstone, quartzite, or slate; irregular surface requires a thick set mortar bed; thickness varies from 1/2” to 4” thick; uneven surface presents challenges in keeping tables level; durable but porous so seal or clean regularly

A

Flagstone

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31
Q

Mass of substance per unit measure

A

Density

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32
Q

Tested by placing 2” stone cube soaked in water 48 hours; 0.2% max allowed per ASTM C530

A

Water absorption

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33
Q

Minimum hardness commercial floors 10, minimum hardness stairs and ramps 12; scuffing from foot traffic

A

Abrasion

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34
Q

Stone floor finish that has high gloss appearance, requires maintenance, formal

A

Polished

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35
Q

Stone floor finish that has matte appearance, informal, hides scratches

A

Honed

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36
Q

Stone floor finish by heating and rapid cooling, unrefined chipped surface, good slip-resistance

A

Flamed

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37
Q

Stone floor finish that’s rough with rounded corners, informal

A

Tumbled

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38
Q

Stone floor gloss with low slip resistance yet high stain resistance

A

Higher

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39
Q

Stone floor gloss with high slip resistance yet low stain resistance as dirt gets lodged in numerous rough spots

A

Lower

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40
Q

The exposed edges of stone slab can be detailed with _______ that are ground by machine and finished by hand

A

Profiles

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41
Q

Stone slab profiles

A

Flat eased, pencil, 1/4” radius, demi-bullnose or waterfall, full bullnose, 1/8” bevel, pencil, coved top edge, double waterfall, stepped, 1/4” bevel, ogee, step ogee, rounded ogee, French ogee, 1/4” bevel or miter

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42
Q

Made from clay, natural minerals and water, shaped and fired at very high temperatures

A

Ceramic tile

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43
Q

Classification of ceramic and porcelain tiles for durability of light residential foot traffic and walls

A

Group I

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44
Q

Classification of ceramic and porcelain tiles for durability of heavy commercial traffic areas; also recommended for damp areas where safety is necessary, i.e. food service facilities, exterior locations, swimming pools, etc.

A

Group V

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45
Q

Ceramic tiles made by clay mixture forced into. Metal forms and fired to produce a bisque that is glazed and fired again; produces accurate shapes and sizes

A

Dust pressed

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46
Q

Ceramic tiles made by clay formed into a thick mud and forced through a die

A

Extruded

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47
Q

ceramic tile with a water absorption rate of less than 0.5%; very high-temperature fires, glazed or unglazed; water-, stain-, and frost-proof; wide range of color/pattern; can be placed outside

A

Porcelain tile

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48
Q

Porcelain tiles can mimic…

A

Limestone, slate, marble, wood

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49
Q

Porcelain surface qualities:

A

Polished, matte, textured

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50
Q

Tile glaze that is purposely distressed to imitate aged tile

A

Crackle glaze

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51
Q

Finish fused to the body of the tile, allows for incredible color range; body may be nonvitreous, semi-vitreous, vitreous, or impervious; generally not slip-resistant

A

Glazed tile

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52
Q

Hard dense tile of uniform composition that derives from color and texture of materials used in fabrication; requires more maintenance to keep clean

A

Unglazed tile

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53
Q

tiles used for intricate designs and visual texture; surface area of less than 6 sq in, usually dust press method

A

Ceramic mosaic tile

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54
Q

Strong hard body made from shale and fine clays with uniform color; colors range from red-brown to beige to grey; face color may be solid, variegated, or flashed; stain-resistant; develop a patina with wear; abrasive grit can be added for a non-slip finish; usually unglazed

A

Quarry tile

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55
Q

Unprocessed clay shaped by hand into forms; proportions of ingredients are not measures; sun dried then kiln fired; variations in thickness require thick set; porous, traditionally sealed with linseed oil and wax

A

Mexican or Saltillo tile

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56
Q

made of concrete; color comes form mineral pigments which are mixed and poured into a mold; mold is removed and the gray concrete mixture fills the rest of the tile body; tile is then hydraulically pressed cured for about 3 weeks; method was developed in mid-19th century

A

Cement tiles

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57
Q

Stainless steel; may be solid or may be fused to a porcelain body; can be scratching while grouting

A

Metal tiles

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58
Q

The act of putting the tile or stone on the substrate

A

Setting

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59
Q

The act of filling in the joints between each piece of tile or stone

A

Grouting

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60
Q

Common bond coats (under mortar) or setting methods for tiles include

A

Wet set, thin set, medium set, thickset, neat, latex Portland cement, dry set, organic adhesive, epoxy mortar, additives

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61
Q

A mixture of Portland cement and sand (floors) or lime (walls) for thick bed installation

A

Portland cement mortar

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62
Q

A mixture of Portland cement with sand and additives

A

Dry set mortar

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63
Q

Two-part mixture where chemical resistance is important, high bond strength and resistance to impact, can be used over steel plates

A

Epoxy mortar

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64
Q

Two-part mixture, excellent for chemical resistance, tolerates high temps up to 350 degrees F

A

Furan mortar

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65
Q

flexible, good bonding strength, should NOT be used for exterior or wet applications

A

Adhesives

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66
Q

pros of brick

A

Durable, good insulators, rustic and nostalgic quality, hides dirt, slip-resistant, large color range, effective fire barrier, recyclable

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67
Q

Cons of brick

A

Must be sealed for cleaning ease and stain prevention; can be rough; extremely hard, dropped items may shatter; weight of product limits installation to ground floor

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68
Q

Specific types of dimensional brick

A

Acid-resistant, adobe, angle, arch, building, clinker, dry-press, facing, fire, floor, gauged, hollow, paving, salmon, soft-mud, stiff-mud, brick and brick

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69
Q

Material made by mixing clays with shales and water and forming into rectangular shapes with either solid or hollow cores; color depends on composition of clay, method of firing, and kiln temperature; the higher the temp, the harder it is

A

Brick

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70
Q

The names of brick faces

A

Sailor, soldier, row lock, header, row lock strether, strether

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71
Q

Common brick bonds for walls

A

Running, Common, Dutch, Monk, Flemish, English, English Cross

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72
Q

Common brick bonds for floors

A

Herringbone, basket weave, running and stacked, half basket

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73
Q

Metal that contains iron

A

Ferrous

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74
Q

Metal that does not contain iron

A

Nonferrous

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75
Q

Ferrous metal- molten iron poured into a mold; relatively brittle; high compression strength; ideal for weight-bearing components; sealed with epoxy so it doesn’t rust

A

Cast-iron

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76
Q

Ferrous metal reheated after cooling and further worked into a form

A

Wrought iron

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77
Q

Ferrous metal main ingredient along with carbon; other metals added to make stainless; won’t rust

A

Steel-iron

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78
Q

Sheet metal shaped against a dye using heavy pressure

A

Stamped

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79
Q

Metal sheets often used to cover surfaces nonstructural

A

Flat sheets

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80
Q

Common metal finishes

A

Brushed, polished, satin

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81
Q

Heated glass that’s stronger than regular glass; breaks into oblique beads or thin finders and is more likely to stay in frame if broken; strain marks may be visible in finished glass

A

Tempered

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82
Q

Materials sandwiched between glass sheets varies for specific functions such as noise reduction, security, UV, and energy control

A

Laminated

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83
Q

Glass where views obscured and light diffused via even “frosted” appearance

A

Acid-etched

84
Q

Clear glass combined with a variety of “frosted” pattern area used for decorative or functional effect

A

Sand-blasted

85
Q

Materials often referred to as synthetic; can imitate natural materials very effectively; chemically engineered to have different properties

A

Plastic

86
Q

Plastics that are easier to recycle because you can melt them down and “start over” ; examples- high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

A

Thermoplastic

87
Q

Plastics that are harder to recycle so they are just ground up and used as fill; stronger when heated; can’t be remolded; examples- polyurethane, phenolics

A

Thermoset

88
Q

Plastic often used in sold, clear form; heat formed at about 350 degrees F; common brands are lucite, lean, and plexiglass; can be remelted and reused or melded together

A

Acrylic

89
Q

Plastic products that are non porous, thermoplastic, or thermoset materials; natural materials and pure acrylic polymer; smoothness of marble and solid feel of granite with the workability or wood; produced in sheets; stain-resistant; high resistant to abuse

A

Corian Solid Surfacing

90
Q

Most commonly used and least expensive counter top material; limitless color, patterns, textures, and digital pictures; can be chemical resistant; durable but not a cutting surface; matte finish will help hide scratches; low maintenance; high VOC

A

Laminates

91
Q

Substrates for laminates

A

Particle board, Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF), plywood, tile backer board

92
Q

“Flexible” coverings, yet extremely durable and long lasting; positive haptic experience, soft underfoot and absorbs sound; most are slip- and weather-resistant; easy to install and maintain

A

Resilient flooring

93
Q

Resilient flooring made from bark of oak tree indigenous to Portugal and Spain; positive haptic experience; durable; hypoallergenic; fire retardant; heavy furnishings can leave dents and divots; discolors in sunlight and with age; can be susceptible to water damage

A

Cork

94
Q

Resilient flooring made primarily from natural raw materials: linseed oil, rosins, wood flour on a jute backing; very popular in the 1950s; quiet and comfortable underfoot; resistant to heavy foot traffic; exposure to air hardens but increases its durability; economical; easy to install; susceptible to marring by heavy sharp objects; yellows; “cheap, cold, institutional” associations- bad rep

A

Linoleum

95
Q

resilient flooring that is a sustainable resource and can be reused and recycled repeatedly; can be natural, 100% synthetic, or a combination; easy to stand on for long periods; good acoustic qualities; easily cut around obstacles and corners for perfect fit; durable; easy to maintain; antimicrobiano and hypoallergenic; smells bu lessons overtime; unrelated, natural can stain and discolor over time; can be expensive; can be installed as loose-lay, glued down, or interlocking

A

Rubber

96
Q

Resilient flooring composed of fillers (inorganic), binders (organic), and pigment; durable; inexpensive; unlimited selection of patterns, colors, styles, etc., easy to maintain; damaged parts can be replaced; slip-retardant; subfloor imperfections may show through; not good in very hot or very cold climates; low impact resistance; semi-porous, can stain if not sealed; easily scuffed and scratched

A

Vinyl Composite Tile (VCT)

97
Q

resilient flooring that comes in a roll; may be manufactured inlaid or rotogravure; not always glued down, trim holds it in place; unlimited selection of patterns, colors, styles, etc., available in slip-resistant finishes; easy to install and maintain; smells; subfloor imperfections may show through; UV sealant must be applied to avoid fading; easily scuffed and scratches; can be coved up the wall; thicker wear layers give better protection

A

Sheet vinyl

98
Q

Sheet vinyl manufacturing method where layers of granules are fused with heat and pressure

A

Inlaid

99
Q

Sheet vinyl manufacturing method where core of vinyl with printed surface is protected by a wear layer; anything that can be photographed can be in print layer

A

Rotogravure

100
Q

Resilient flooring that looks and feel very real; waterproof; can be installed on top of virtually any surface; gives more insulation and sound proofing; easier on your feet; easy to install; relatively easy to repair; super easy to clean

A

Luxury Vinyl Tile (LVT)/ Luxury Vinyl Plank (LVP)

101
Q

Rubber wall base profile used with carpet (toeless)

A

Straight

102
Q

Rubber wall base profile used with resilient flooring (toe base)

A

Cove

103
Q

Rubber wall base profile installed before the finish flooring and seals the joint at the wall

A

Sanitary

104
Q

Inexpensive resilient flooring; not resistant to stains and softened by mineral oils and fats; tiles are brittle; look very similar to Vinyl Asbestos Tiles (VAT) and should be assumed to contain asbestos until verified; no longer manufactured

A

Asphalt tile

105
Q

Resilient flooring in which fibers were added to felt backing of floor tile to increase its durability; more likely to release fibers when it is friable (powdered/easily crumbled); 8” x 8” tiles

A

Vinyl asbestos tile (VAT)

106
Q

resilient flooring applied in field and creates a seamless flooring; can create a wall base making a seamless floor to wall installation; applied over clean substrate
First layer: base coat
Second layer: color layer
Third layer: wear layer

A

Formed-in-place flooring

107
Q

Generally coniferous trees from colder regions; quick growing; homogenous as a group: little variation in characteristics of the wood; pale color, soft, close-grained often “knotty”; less durable; less expensive; basic construction material because it is widely available as dimension lumber

A

Softwoods

108
Q

More varied in color, density, and texture; grown in temperate and tropical regions; deciduous or evergreen trees; more expensive; generally less readily available; many species are endangered; prized for beauty, strength, durability, and resistance to pests; easily carved yet hold the carved details

A

Hardwoods

109
Q

Moisture in trees need to be removed in a controlled manner to reduce warping, splitting, and shrinkage; usually dried to a moisture content of 10%; some woods need additional time at the site to acclimate to the specific conditions of the space

A

Seasoning

110
Q

Number the indicate lumber size before drying and planing to make them smooth

A

Nominal/rough size

111
Q

How solid timber is cut determines its appearance and sometimes its durability; types of cuts:

A

Plain sawn (parallel along length of log), rift and quarter sawn (cut radially) flat sawn, regular sawn

112
Q

Pros of solid wood flooring

A

Positive haptic sensation underfoot; natural material, no two planks alike; can last 100+ years depending on maintenance; can be refinished and/or restained; better for resale

113
Q

cons of solid wood flooring

A

Susceptible to termites; can scratch; some species can discolor over time; more expensive than laminate; more difficult to install and expands/contacts with changes in temperature and humidity

114
Q

Solid wood flooring can be installed over…

A

A cushioning system; over “sleepers” or nailing strips

115
Q

Raises the value of wood, making some available only in veneer

A

Figuring

116
Q

Types of wood figuring

A

Fiddleback anigre, tamo ash, crotch mahogany, bird’s-eye maple, curly maple, spalted elm, maple burl, madrone burl

117
Q

Fabrication of wood veneers patterns

A

Book match, slip match, diamond match, radial match, box match, reverse diamond match, running match, balance match, center match, end match

118
Q

organized a chain-of-supply system that allows conscientious harvesters and fabricators to document their sustainable path from harvesting through processing to installation

A

Forest Stewardship Council

119
Q

Rather than mimicking the effects and patina of aged wood you can specify old wood that has been removed from other places

A

Reclaimed wood

120
Q

Flooring produced with three to five layers of hardwood; each layer is stacked in a cross-grain configuration and bonded together under heat and pressure; less likely to be affected by changes in humidity and can be installed at all levels of the home- even below grade (basement)

A

Engineer hardwood flooring

121
Q

Pros of engineered hardwood

A

Less expensive than solid; better warp-resistance from humidity and moisture; better installed over radiant heat system; can be installed on all grade levels of home; wide range of colors and styles

122
Q

Cons of engineered hardwood

A

Cannot refinish as many times as solid; still susceptible to scratches/dents; edges are not sealed, can stain from water damage; 15-20 year life span vs 100+ years with solid

123
Q

Benefits of bamboo

A

Positive haptic experience underfoot; rapid growth, quick re-forestation: renewable in 3–5 years; many species are just as hard as oak or maple flooring; can be refinished, stainable in a wide range of colors; naturally more water-resistant than hardwoods

124
Q

Cons of bamboo

A

Possible trendy, limited aesthetic; can scratch/dent; can discolor over time; lack of a grading system for quality standardization

125
Q

Pros of laminate flooring

A

Generally less expensive than wood; easy and quick to install with “click-lock” design; product consistency: no “bad” pieces; very durable surface; stain- and water-resistant; great color/style range

126
Q

Cons of laminate flooring

A

Not real wood; can look fake if pattern repeat is visible; hard underfoot; can be slipper; lower resale value; not refinishable

127
Q

Carpet construction methods

A

Tufted, woven, needle punched, knitted, fusion bonded, flocked

128
Q

carpet backing that’s made of jute, kraftcord, cotton, or woven or non woven synthetics such as polypropylene

A

Primary backing

129
Q

Middle carpet backing applied to the primary backing to lock the yarn into the backing

A

Latex

130
Q

Carpet backing that provides dimensional stability, and is also often made of a woven synthetic polypropylene material

A

Secondary backing

131
Q

Type of carpet where fibers are weaved into the backing material; machine uses needles to pull the yarn through, small hook called a looper grabs yarn and holds it in place; for some styles, a knife cuts the yarn loops; more threads/sq in = more dense; dyed

A

Tufted carpet

132
Q

Borders and accents can easily delineate different areas of a facility or be used for wayfinding purposes; most are made with solution-dyed fibers; easy installation and replacement; low life cycle costs and less initial waste; fusion bonding construction gives this flooring backing a much stronger, longer, lasting backing than traditional; more expensive upfront

A

Carpet Tiles

133
Q

Yarns are inserted into liquid vinyl which locks them in place when it hardens; common in carpet tiles

A

Fusion bonding

134
Q

Most expensive method of carpet construction; more time-consuming to produce; the backing and the face are produced simultaneously; “warps” are placed vertically; “wefts” are placed horizontally across and through the warps, locking them into place

A

Woven carpet

135
Q

Most common carpet fiber types

A

Olefin, polyester, wool, nylon

136
Q

Most durable synthetic fiber; good abrasion resistance; resists mildew, moths, mold; hydrophobic (good stain resistance); different “generations”, currently on 6th; subject to static electricity; hypoallergenic; most cases is 5th gen- avoid anything less

A

Nylon

137
Q

Synthetic fiber, includes polypropylene; hydrophobic; holds oil borne stains; holds its color because it is solution dyed; fiber crushes easily, therefore is usually found in a low level loop; less expensive than other fibers

A

Olefin

138
Q

Most expensive fiber choice; standard by which other fibers are measured; soft, resilient; dyed to any color; naturally stain- and flame-resistant; ages gracefully; subject to static electricity

A

Wool

139
Q

Early synthetic fiber; soft, but glossy and harsh; pills and crushes easily because of low abrasion resistance

A

Acrylics

140
Q

Soft carpet fiber; excellent color clarity; resists soil and wear but poor resilience; some use lower density leading to crushing

A

Polyester

141
Q

Soft carpet fiber; wears quickly; stains easily; uncommon in carpets

A

Cotton

142
Q

Fiber not typical for carpet but sometimes mixed with wool; strong but stains easily

A

Linen

143
Q

Fiber usually mixed with wool in very high-end imported rugs

A

Silk

144
Q

Natural fiber that dyes well; sunlight will change color

A

Jute

145
Q

Natural fiber often woven into area rugs; has a grassy scent and color; smooth texture

A

Seagrass

146
Q

Natural fiber from the agave plant; subject to pests and crushing; stains easily and scratchy to bare feet

A

Sisal

147
Q

Common pile types

A

Cut, level loop, cut and loop, velvet or plush, saxony, multilevel loop, random tip-sheared, frieze

148
Q

Carpet pile where all yarns are at the same height

A

Cut pile

149
Q

Carpet pile where uncut pile yarns are at the same height; has a pebbled surface texture that hides footprints and chair caster marks

A

Level loop

150
Q

Carpet pile where a sculptural effect is created

A

Cut and loop

151
Q

Carpet pile that has a smooth, cut pile; yarn ends blend together for a consistent surface appearance; shows footprints and shading marks

A

Velvet or plush

152
Q

Carpet pile similar to velvet pile but has twisted yard, which gives definition to each tuft; loops are cut during the construction process; made with heat-set yarn, usually in a dense, low-pile construction; shows footprints and shading marks

A

Saxony

153
Q

carpet pile where uncut pile are are at varying heights

A

Multilevel loop

154
Q

Carpet pile with tonal contrasts between cut and uncut loops of varying heights are produced

A

Random tip-sheared

155
Q

Carpet pile that is tightly twisted, heat-set yarn that hides dirt well

A

Frieze

156
Q

Carpet dying method in which a fiber is dyed in its liquid state before being extruded into fiber and spun into yarn; the color became a permanent part of the fiber and will not fade or bleach out; good for outdoor furniture

A

Solution dying (pre-dyeing)

157
Q

carpet dying method in which pre-made fibers are submerged into a vat and dyed before they are spun into yarn

A

Stock dying (pre)

158
Q

Carpet dying method in which fibers are spun into yarn and then dyed; more expensive method of dying, typical of the method used for making custom carpet

A

Skein dying (pre)

159
Q

Carpet dying method that produces random color distribution as yarn is wound and printed with three colors in stripes; the overlap of colors gives the effect of more colors

A

Space dying (pre)

160
Q

Carpet dying method primarily for solid colors; performed after tufting but before other finishing processes such as secondary backing; carpet is placed in a large vat filled with dyes

A

Piece-dying/beck-dying (post)

161
Q

Carpet dying method using ink-jet printer-like process where colors are sprayed on to a carpet from jets controlled by a computer

A

Printing (post)

162
Q

test that measures the force required to pull one yarn tuft out of the carpet; determines how strong the adhesive bond is between the pile fiber and the adhesive back coating of the primary backing

A

Tuft bind durability test (ASTM-D-1355)

163
Q

the correct pad _________ the life of a carpet.
The firmer the pad, the ______ strain on the carpet backing.
The softer the pad, the ______ crushing on the surface of the carpet.

A

Extends; less; less

164
Q

May be made from production waste from foam and various densities are possible; often the standard offering if no pad is specified

A

Rebond/bonded polyurethane

165
Q

Density is variable with more air in some portions; fibrous topping allows carpet to Slide Over the surface as it is stretched into place; less sticky on top

A

Waffle rubber

166
Q

Dense foam padding is considered to be an upgraded, premium pad

A

Urethane

167
Q

Very firm carpet pad, low-VOC pad addresses the increasing awareness of the damage done to living systems by volatile organic compounds; durable; no indentations; will prolong the life of the carpet better than many other types

A

Frothed foam

168
Q

Denser carpet pad that resists indentation from furniture; best for longevity

A

Slab rubber

169
Q

Carpet pad made from urethane foam in different densities and thicknesses; use for light traffic only

A

Foam padding

170
Q

Carpet padding made of jute, hair or synthetic fibers or mixtures; used when you want movement of carpet limited; expensive

A

Fiber

171
Q

carpet installation method in which the tack strip is nailed down to the perimeter of the room and carpet is stretched over the tacks that grip it; rolled carpet only; patterns are easier to match; extends carpet life, less crushing of the piles; higher acoustic values; used over floors that are unacceptable for direct glue down

A

Tackless strip method

172
Q

Carpet installation method in which carpet glue is troweled to substrate and carpet is laid directly over it; appropriate for rolled carpet or carpet tiles; most common in commercial; imperfections in substrate telegraph; double; self stick

A

Glue-down/Direct-glue method

173
Q

Group of coatings generally consisting of pigments suspended in a liquid medium for decorative or protective use

A

Paint

174
Q

Powdered solids that give the coating color and brightness; give the coating its hiding ability (opacity); usually most expensive ingredient; organic (brighter) and inorganic (more durable)

A

Pigments

175
Q

liquid adhesives that form a film of pigment particles on the surface; vehicle for bonding pigments to the surface; enhances the hardness, toughness, and strength of the paint film

A

Binders or resins

176
Q

Water based paint; drying occurs when the water evaporates, remaining particles fuse together

A

Latex Paint

177
Q

Solvent based paint; resins are made from natural or synthetic oils; when exposed to air, the thinner evaporates, leaving the resin oils to harden through the process of oxidation or loss of electrons

A

Oil paint

178
Q

Solvent based paint that dries by reacting a drying oil with alcohol and letting it evaporate, better color fastness than other solvent- based paints

A

Alkyd paint

179
Q

The surface texture of cured paint; measured in PVC (pigment volume concentration) ability of the surface to bounce back light relative to the reflectante of a smooth flat mirror

A

Sheen (paint luster)

180
Q

Paint sheen with highest PVC; velvety appearance; low glare but least scrubbable; good for hiding imperfections in walls

A

Flat

181
Q

Good mid-range paint sheen; appropriate for normal-condition interior rooms

A

Satin/eggshell

182
Q

Mid- to higher-range sheen; good scrub ability; good for kitchens, baths, children’s rooms

A

Semigloss

183
Q

Paint sheen with low PVC; shiny surface with good srubbability; more likely to show surface imperfections; low pigment to volume ratio

A

Gloss or high gloss

184
Q

Paint sheen originally used to describe a hard, durable, high-gloss paint; today, describes a higher quality paint with smooth finish and high durability

A

Enamel

185
Q

Can be present in older homes and facilities constructed before 1978 (banned after); dangerous if inhaled or ingested; must be removed or covered up when found; special training/equipment required to remove it

A

Lead based paint

186
Q

Overall decorative patterns and visual textures; applications throughout history; artistic, highly personalized interiors; artists use traditional house paints and glazes; most are not diy techniques; marble, wood, granite, patterns, etc.

A

Decorative textures and faux finishing

187
Q

Images painted directly on the wall/ceiling surfaces; artists use traditional interior paints, artists paints and artist brushes; Trompe L’Oeil images are hyper-realistic designed “to fool the eye” and manipulate perceived space

A

Murals

188
Q

Makes surface more paintable by providing improved adhesion for coatings; provide a moisture and stain barrier; binds substrate surface with the topcoat of paint; limit paint absorption of a porous substrate; acts as a rust inhibitor; many different surface-specific

A

Primer

189
Q

Made from dyes dissolved in oil or water; provides a translucent or transparent coating for wood furniture and wood paneled walls; pigmented/gel will give an opaque finish; surface characteristics of the wood will affect the final finish

A

Stain

190
Q

Products that contain little or no pigment, sometimes producing a wet or shiny appearance; shows natural color of wood; examples- polyurethane/polycyclic, varnish, shellac, lacquer, danish oil

A

Clear coats

191
Q

high performance coating with superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels; commonly used for wood floors and on walls as an anti-graffiti coating; available in high-gloss and satin finish; does not yellow as much as conventional varnish

A

Polyurethane/polycrylic (water-based)

192
Q

Pros of wall coverings

A

Wide range of aesthetic effects; washable; scrubbable; stain resistant; abrasion resistant

193
Q

Top layer of wall coverings; ink or flocking on the intermediate layer, can sometimes be protected by a coating

A

Decorative layer

194
Q

Wall covering layer that is the surface on which the decorative layer is printed; the ground

A

Intermediate layer

195
Q

Wallcovering layer- substrate that is adhered to the wall, ranging from woven or non woven fabrics to lightweight paper products

A

Backing

196
Q

Wallcovering backing used on paper-backed vinyls, vinyl-coated papers and specialty products

A

Paper

197
Q

Wallcovering backing “scrim” or osnaburg; scrim used in light duty areas; osnaburg in medium and heavy duty areas such as corridors

A

Woven fabric

198
Q

Wallcovering backing that improves printing finish on surface and increases tear strenth

A

Nonwoven fabric

199
Q

Wallcovering backing used on fabric wall coverings to improve stability

A

Latex acrylic

200
Q

Wallcovering with variety of surface treatments for aesthetics and durability; most common and most affordable; easy and quick application; can be difficult to remove if old

A

Papers

201
Q

Wallcovering made of silk, wool, cotton, and synthetics usually joined together to form a continuous surface; usually backed with paper to keep adhesive from damaging surface; luxurious, high-end application; appropriate for master suites, formal dining rooms, etc.; amazing haptic sensation and some acoustic properties; paper-backed; not appropriate for areas of high cleaning maintenance; vacuum only; special training and tools needed for seams/joints

A

Fabrics

202
Q

Wallcovering with mirror effect with a pattern printed on reflective surface; popular in the 1960s and 1970s; were extremely fragile and often rip during installation; now more durable and much easier to remove

A

Foils (old version) and mylars (today’s version)

203
Q

Durable Wallcovering; abrasion resistant finish that is easy to clean and meets code requirements for flame spread; very tough and thick; feels “rubbery”

A

Vinyls

204
Q

Wallcovering of good natural choices; provides interesting textures and variety of color; cleaned by vacuuming; can’t hide seams; durable; texture hides imperfections in substrate; not appropriate for clients with allergies; unpasted, heavy duty

A

Grasscloths, bamboo, and paper weaves

205
Q

Wallcovering that is flame resistant; permeable- melts into wall and can be used to hold cracked wall together; typically used to reinforce deteriorating wall surfaces; for texture only, painted with latex paint to maintain breathability; commercial settings

A

Fiberglass

206
Q

Wallcovering limited in size; color of surface can art from one piece to another; one of the most expensive; breathable; susceptible to UV exposure; available in embossed, dyed, hand-paint, loose-rolls, panels or tiles; historic; no chemical cleaners

A

Leather

207
Q

embossed wallpaper; first washable Wallcovering; popular among Victorians because its sanitary, durable, and has ornate effects; originally made on a linen backing and was very rigid; made from wood pulp and cotton, was lighter and more flexible

A

Lincrusta and Anaglypta

IPD (3 decks)

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