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A Level Physics Paper 1 > Materials > Flashcards

Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

Density

A

A measure of how closely packed particles are in a material

Defined as the mass per unit volume of a material

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2
Q

Density equation

A

p=m/v

Kgm-³

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3
Q

Whatever you do to the unit…

A

You do to the conversion factor

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4
Q

Pico

A

-12

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5
Q

Fempto

A

-15

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6
Q

Measure mass

A

Balance

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7
Q

Measure mass of liquid

A 
Measure mass of container empty and full
With balance
Subtract to get mass of liquid
Read off volume on beaker
Density calculation
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8
Q

Measuring irregular solid density

A

Measure mass with balance
Read off volume on beaker with and without object fully submerged in the water
Difference in volume is volume of solid
Density calculation

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9
Q

If an objects density is less than the density of a fluid then

A

It will float

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10
Q

Hooke’s law

A

The extension produced by a force in a wire or spring is directly proportional to the force applied
Up to the limit of proportionality

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11
Q

Express Hookes law mathematically

A

F=kx

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12
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

Point up to which Hookes law is obeyed in which force is directly proportional to extension
Point beyond which f and x stop being proportional

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13
Q

Elastic limit

A

Not the same as the limit of proportionality
Occurs after limit of proportionality
Point beyond which a stretched spring won’t return to its original length

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14
Q

When doesn’t a spring return to its original length

A

Beyond the elastic limit

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15
Q

Gradient of force extension graph

A

Spring constant
Stiffness
Before limit of proportionality

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16
Q

What is the spring constant

A

Measure of resistance to stretching

Stiffness

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17
Q

Extension of springs in parallel

Spring constant

A

Stretch by half

Meaning spring constant has doubled

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18
Q

Springs in parallel
Extension
Spring constant

A

Stretch twice as far

So spring constant halves

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19
Q

Combined spring constant equation for series

A

1/ktotal = 1/k1 + 1/k2

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20
Q

Combined spring constant for springs in parallel

A

Ktotal = K1 + K2

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21
Q

Area under the graph of force extension

A

Work done on the spring

Since W=Fs and s=extension

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22
Q

Explain the area under a force extension graph

A

Weight of masses stretches spring and does work on it
Increasing its elastic potential energy
So area gives elastic potential energy/strain energy stored stretching it to that point

In region before limit of proportionality area is a triangle
So can be calculated by doing 1/2 Fx

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23
Q

Three equations to work out strain energy

A

E=1/2kx²

E=1/2F²/k

E=1/Fx

24
Q

Plastic deformation

A

Point in which an unloaded spring no longer returns to its original length when unloaded

25
Q

How do you work out the permenant extension

A

Draw a line from top of graph parallel to gradient of the region of proportionality
Where it crosses x axis

26
Q

What is the difference in energy for the area loading and unloading

A

Energy used to permentantly deform the spring

27
Q

Elastic behaviour

A

Sample that has been deformed by a force returns to its original shape when the force is removed

28
Q

Elastic limit

A

Maximum force applied up to which a material can be stretched and return to its original shape

29
Q

Plastic behaviour

A

When the deforming force is removed and the material does not return to its original shape

30
Q

Ductile

A

Can be easily and permenantly stretched

Drawn out into wires

31
Q

Brittle

A 
Cannot be permenantly stretched 
Will break soon after the elastic limit
Tend to be very strong under compression
But weak under tension
Concrete
Mortar
Brick 
Stone
32
Q

Fracture

A

Point at which the material breaks due to the force applied

33
Q

Small plastic region

A

Brittle

34
Q

Large plastic region

A

Ductile

35
Q

Higher fracture point

A

Stronger material

36
Q

Steeper gradient

A

Stiffer material

37
Q

Special case rubber

A

Isn’t really a Hookean region or limit of proportionality
Gradient still represents spring constant
But spring constant is constantly changing

38
Q

Difference in energy/area for rubber

A

Energy retained by the rubber as heat

39
Q

How does the graph of rubber show it doesn’t obey Hookes law

A

No linear section to the graph

Where force is proportional to the extension

40
Q

What does spring constant depend on

A

Material

Dimensions

41
Q

A material will stretch … if longer

A

More

42
Q

A material will stretch … if its thicker

A

Less

43
Q

Why is youngs modulus better than spring constant

A

Isn’t affected by materials dimensions

Stress accounts for thickness
Strain accounts for length

44
Q

Youngs modulus

A

Tensile stress/Tense strain

45
Q

Tensile stress

A

F/A

46
Q

Tensile strain

A

Change in length over original length

Ratio

47
Q

Youngs modulus terms

A

YM=Fl/A◇L

48
Q

Units for stress/YM

A

Nm-²

Pa

49
Q

Assumption with YM

A

Assume the cross sectional area is constant
In reality the decrease in area is very small
So say negligible

50
Q

Breaking stress

A

Stress at the fracture point

51
Q

Breaking strain

A

Strain at the fracture point

52
Q

Area under a stress strain graph

A

Area=Stress x Strain
Area=F/A x ◇L/L (W=F◇L)
A=W/AL

So the work done per unit volume

53
Q

Can the energy equations be used for youngs modulus

A

Yes

54
Q

Breaking strain equation

A

Max extension/Origional length

55
Q

Breaking stress

A

Maximum force/Area

56
Q

True or false

A graph of stress against strain is always linear up to the elastic limit

A

False

Limit of proportionality

57
Q

True or false

If a material is stretched up to its elastic limit it will return to its original shape when released

A

True

Hasn’t passed its elastic region which just means F and X aren’t proportional

A Level Physics Paper 1 (8 decks)

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