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Electrical Standards > Material Science pdf > Flashcards

Material Science pdf Flashcards

1
Q

Substances that human assembled or produced as products, appliances, inventions, various constructions

A

Materials

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2
Q

Materials used in the field work of engineering

A

Materials Engineering

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3
Q

Basic knowledge about the relationships between internal structure and properties including processing of materials

A

Materials Science

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4
Q

its role is to develop or synthesize new materials

A

Materials Scientist

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5
Q

is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials

A

Materials Engineer

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6
Q

Structure (4 Levels)

A

Stucture of atomic
Structure of Crystal
Microscopic
Macroscopic

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7
Q

Properties (7 types)

A

Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
Mechanical Properties
Thermal Properties
Electrical Properties
Magnetic Properties
Optical Properties

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8
Q

Process of processing material by either heat or mechanical force

A

Processing

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9
Q

3 basic materials

A

Metals
Ceramics
Polymers

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10
Q

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel)

A

Metals

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11
Q

Used in reference to a metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements

A

Metal Alloys

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12
Q

Compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, carbides

A

Ceramics

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13
Q

those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement and glass

A

Traditional Ceramics

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14
Q

Include the familiar plastic and rubber materials and many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (O, N, and Si)

A

Polymers

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15
Q

Examples of Polymers

A

Polyethylene (PE)
Nylon
Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polystyrene (PS)
Silicone Rubber

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16
Q

Composed of two or more individual materials, which come from the categories (Metals, Ceramics, Polymers)

A

Composites

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17
Q

2 Types of Composites

A

Natural (Wood, bone etc.)
Man-made (Synthetics)

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18
Q

These materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and also newly developed, high performance materials. They may be of all material types

A

Advanced Materials

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19
Q

Examples of Advanced Materials

A

SemiConductors
Biomaterials
Smart Materials
Nanoengineered materials

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20
Q

A group of new and state-of-the-art materials able to sense changes in their environment and then respond to these changes in predetermined manner

A

Smart Materials

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20
Q

Employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damage body parts

A

Biomaterials

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20
Q

Have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators

A

Semiconductors

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21
Q

These are called “Materials by design”. This ability to carefully arrange atoms provide opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic and other properties that are not otherwise possible

A

Nanoengineered materials

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22
Q

The physical properties of materials is predicted on a knowledge of the interatomic forces that bind the atoms together

A

Interatomic Bonding

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23
Q

It necessarily involves the valance electrons

A

Primary Bond

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23
Q

The interaction between two isolated atoms as they are brought into close proximity from an infinite separation

A

Atomic Bonding

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24
Q

3 Primary bond

A

Ionic
Covalent
metallic

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25
Q

the atoms acquire stable or inert gas configurations and is always found in compounds that are composed of both metallic and nonmetallic elements

A

Ionic

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26
Q

Valence electrons are not bound to any particular atom in the solid and are more or less free to drift throughout the entire metal

A

Metallic bonding

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26
Q

Two atoms that are covalently bonded will each contribute atleast one electron to the bond, and the shared electrons may be considered to belong to both atoms

A

Covalent bonding

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27
Q

seperation of positive and negative portions of an atom or molecule

A

Electric Dipole

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28
Q

result from attractive forces between electric dipoles, of which there are two types - induced and permanent

A

Secondary Bond

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29
Q

the spatial arrangement of atoms represented as solid spheres

A

Crystal Structure

30
Q

Two features are: coordination number (or number of nearest neighbor atoms) and atomic packing factor (the fraction of solid sphere volume in the unit cell)

A

Metallic Crystal Structure

31
Q

3 types of metallic crystal structure

A

Face-cented cubic (FCC)
Body-cented cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal close packed (HCP)

32
Q

The crystal structures of these materials for which the atomic bonding is predominantly ionic and determined by the charge magnitude and the radius of each kind of ion and crystalline and non crystalline states are possible examples is Salt

A

Ceramic Crystal Structure

33
Q

composed of many small crystals or grains having different crystallographic orientations

A

Polycrystalline materials

34
Q

specified in terms of indexing schemes. The basis for the determination of each index is a coordinate axis system defined by the unit cell for the particular structure

A

Crystallographic Planes

35
Q

a classification scheme for crystal structures on the basis of unit cell geometry

A

Crystal System

36
Q

when a specific material can have more than one crystal structure

A

Polymorphism

37
Q

the directionality dependence of crystal properties

A

Anisotropy

37
Q

solid materials for which there is an absence of long range atomic regularity or order

A

Non-Crystalline Solids

38
Q

the characteristics of a material that relate to its behavior in chemical reaction

A

Chemical Properties

39
Q

the characteristics that are used to describe a substance in the absence of external forces

A

Physical Properties

40
Q

the characteristics that describe the behavior under the application of force

A

Mechanical Properties

41
Q

the property of regaining the original shape upon the removal of the external load

A

Elasticity

42
Q

4 types of Elasticity

A

Young’s Modulus - Direct Proportionality
Shear Modulus - Lateral Contraction
Bulk Modulus - Equal stress in all direction
Modulus of Rupture - Bending or torsion

43
Q

the property of material by virtue of which permanent deformation can occur

A

Plasticity

44
Q

the capacity of a material to absorb energy within the elastic range

A

Resiliency

44
Q

the stress at which the material exhibits a specified limiting permanent set

A

Yield Strength

45
Q

the maximum stress to which a material may be subjected before failure occurs

A

Ultimate Strength

46
Q

the quality of material by virtue of which it may be plastically elongated

A

Ductility

47
Q

A measure of the total energy-absorbing capacity of the material

A

Toughness

48
Q

quality of material by virtue of which it may be plastically compressed

A

Malleability

49
Q

Resistance of material from scratching, filing, wear, penetration, machining

A

Hardness

50
Q

exhibit a higher proportional limit or hardness after successively greater plastic deformation

A

Strain Hardening

51
Q

aging for a long time in a room temperature to return to yield point

A

Strain Aging

52
Q

failure which takes place as a result of repeated or altering stresses

A

Fatigue

53
Q

the characteristic of continued plastic deformation under a constant stress

A

Creep

54
Q

factors affecting the endurance limit

A

Stress Concentration
Corrosion

54
Q

a stress that will produce failure in some specified number of cycles of the stress applications

A

Endurance Strength

55
Q

Effects of temperature

A

Loss of Metal
Formation of the surface Crack
change in properties

56
Q

Factor of Safety

A
  1. Variations of the properties of material
  2. The uncertainties of computation of stress, magnitude, and stress distribution
  3. Quality of the manufacturing operations
  4. Dangers of Personal Injury
  5. The necessity of maintaining economy of material and of minimizing weight
  6. The influence of Uncertainties
  7. Extent of Inspection
57
Q

Selection of Materials

A
  1. The materials must satisfy the strength requirements
  2. The materials must be capable of being fabricated into the desired form
  3. The cost of material must be low
  4. The material must be available for use at the required time
58
Q

Metals or alloys having high percentage of iron
These Materials are used where high strength is required at relatively low cost

A

Ferrous Materials

58
Q

3 types of ferrous materials

A
  1. Steel - Alloy of iron and carbon (1.5 %)
  2. Cast Iron - Alloy of iron and carbon (4.5%)
  3. Wrought Iron - Almost pure Iron (99.9%)
59
Q

Classification of Steels

A
  1. Low Carbon Steel
  2. Medium Carbon Steel
  3. High Carbon Steel
60
Q

Classification of Iron

A
  1. Grey Cast Iron
  2. White Cast Iron
  3. Malleable Cast Iron
  4. High Duty Cast Iron
  5. Alloy Cast Iron
61
Q

Metals Other than Iron
In Pure Form, they are used with other materials in order to obtain a certain property like corrosion resistance, ductility, hardness, etc.

A

Non-Ferrous Materials

62
Q

Deformation of temperature high enough for recrytallization
Large Deformations

A

Metal Fabrication (Hot Working)

63
Q

Deformations below recrystallization
Strain Hardening occurs
Small deformations

A

Metal Fabrication (Cold Working)

64
Q

Types of Forming (Metal Fabrication)

A
  1. Forging
  2. Hammer Forging
  3. Press Forging
  4. Drawing
  5. Rolling
  6. Extrusion
65
Q

Deformation process in which work thickness is reduced by compressive forces exerted by two opposing rolls

A

Rolling

65
Q

A cold working process in which the work piece is pulled through a tapered hole in a die so as to reduce its diamater

A

Drawing

66
Q

Forming a preheated workpiece by using a force created by hydraulically driven ram causing the metal to be squeezed into the die cavity by the static pressure

A

Press Forging

67
Q

a process used to create an objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section

A

Extrusion

68
Q

the process of producing metal/alloy component parts of desired shapes by pouring the molten metal/alloy into a prepared mould and then allowing the metal/alloy to cool and solidify

A

Casting

69
Q

a process of using sand as the primary material to mold various metallic products

A

Sand Casting

70
Q

includes wax pressure, wax repair, group tree, dip slurry, wax melting, casting metal liquid and post processing process

A

Investment Casting

71
Q

3 stages of investment casting

A

Stage 1 - Mold formed by pouring plaster of paris around wax pattern
Stage 2 - Wax is melted and then poured from mold-hollow mold cavity remains
Stage 3 - Molten Metal is poured into mold and allowed to solidify

72
Q

A metal casting process that is characterized by forcing molten metal under high pressure into a mold cavity

A

Die Casting

73
Q
A

Electrical Standards (7 decks)

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