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material science Flashcards

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1
Q

a regular repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules

A

crystal

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2
Q

regular repeating atomic arrangement

A

crystalline lattice

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3
Q

simplest crystalline structure, easy to distort, packing one of top of another to represent a cube of eight

A

simple cubic SC

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4
Q

central atom surrounded by 8 other atoms in the surrounding planes harder and less malleable than hcp structures

A

body centered cubic BCC

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5
Q

atoms at each corner and center of each cubic face, malleable good conductor

A

face centered cubic FCC

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6
Q

atoms from one layer nest in the empty space between atoms of adjacent layer. Three layers of atoms mallable and good conductor

A

hexagonal close packed HCP

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7
Q

what two basic structures are malleable and good conductors

A

Face centered cubic FCC and Hexagonal close packed HCP

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8
Q

what the differences in FCC/HCP?

A

HCP is less ductile than FCC and they stack different

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9
Q

what’s the moment a crystal begins to grow (liquid to solid)

A

Nucleation

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10
Q

point in which crystals meet

A

grain boundaries

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11
Q

what causes crystal growth

A

at solidification temperature

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12
Q

crystal growth size depends on

A

nucleation points

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13
Q

how to control grain size

A

fast and slow cooling

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14
Q

fast cooling causes

A

more nucleation points and smaller grain/fine grain

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15
Q

slow cooling causes

A

less nucleation points and larger grains

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16
Q

grain impact on metal properties (larger grains)

A

lower strength, lower hardness, higher ductility

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17
Q

all crystals have

A

some defect

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18
Q

Two types of defects

A

natural and engineered -alloy

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19
Q

______ ______ during production used to create materials with specific mechanical properties

A

manipulating defects

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20
Q

three types of crystal defects

A

point defect, line or linear defect, planar defect

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21
Q

whats the relationship between defects and plastic deformation

A

depends on dislocations for movement and plastic deformation during material forming operations increases the number of dislocations

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22
Q

an atom is missing or in an irregular place in the crystalline lattice

A

point defects

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23
Q

types of point defects

A

self-interstitial, interstitial impurity, substitutional, vacancies

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24
Q

areas where atoms are out of position in a crystal, generated and move when stress is applied

A

linear/ line defects

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25
Q

two types of dislocations

A

edge and screw

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26
Q

____ dislocation with extra half plane of atoms

A

edge

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27
Q

—– dislocation result of shear stress on a crystal structure

A

screw

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28
Q

a distortion/disruption in the long range stacking sequence of a crystalline structrure

A

planar defects

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29
Q

what are the three types of planar defects

A

stacking faults, twin boundaries, grain boundaries

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30
Q

Two types of voids

A

Pores
Cavitation

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31
Q

Voids due to air bubbles trapped during solidification process

A

Pores

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32
Q

Voids created due to shrinkage of material as it solidifies

A

Cavitation

33
Q

Small, homogenous region of impurity atoms clustered within the crystalline structure of a metal

A

Precipitates

34
Q

Materials change in shape due to applied load/stress

A

Deformation

35
Q

Temporary change in shape, self reveres when force is removed

A

Elastic deformation

36
Q

Permanent deformation of metal structure

A

Plastic deformation

37
Q

A metal made by combining it with one more different elements

A

An Alloy

38
Q

Purpose of an alloy

A

Increase strength and corrosion resistance

39
Q

Type of alloy
Reactor vessel
Recirc piping

A

Stainless steel

40
Q

Type of alloy
Steam generator tubes
Control rods drive

A

Inconel

41
Q

Type of alloy
Pressure vessel
Condensate feed water

A

Steel alloy
Carbon and mild steel

42
Q

Type of alloy
Fuel cladding

A

Zirconium

43
Q

Type of alloy

Heat exchanger

A

Copper alloys
Brass
Bronze

44
Q

A measure of materials reaction to a applied force (compressive or tension)

A

Stress

45
Q

A measure of a materials deformation due to applied stress

A

Strain

46
Q

A measure of a materials ability to withstand applied load/stress without fracture/failure

A

Strength

47
Q

A measure of tensile stress (measure of materials ability to stretch)

A

Ductility

48
Q

An amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before fracturing

A

Toughness

49
Q

An ability to resist deformation, penetration, indentation, and scratching

A

Hardness

50
Q

Types of stress that pulls a metal apart
Plastic deformation by elongation

A

Tensile stress

51
Q

Force/stress that pushes a metal from both ends
Plastic deformation by compression

A

Compressive stress

52
Q

Force or stress applied tangentially to the surface of the material in opposite directions

A

Sheer stress

53
Q

Angular displacement or twisting about the centerline/axis of the structure/material

A

Torque stress

54
Q

Prevent material failure
Create uniformity of attachment
Allow for thermal expansion and contraction without failure/ fracture

A

Torque limits

55
Q

Maximum compressive stress that, under gradually applied load, a material can sustain without failure

A

Compressive strength

56
Q

Maximum amount of tensile stress/force that a material can take before failure

A

Tensile strength

57
Q

The maximum force that can be applied to a clamping device without failure

A

Torque limits for clamping devices

58
Q

A drive function that put maximum values on the torque that a motor can deliver to prevent damaging the motor of motor failure

A

Torque limits for a motor

59
Q

Sudden break or cleavage of a metal without prior plastic deformation

A

Brittle fracture

60
Q

Characteristics of brittle fracture

A

No gross, permanent or plastic deformation of the metal in the region of the brittle fracture

61
Q

Used to alter physical and mechanical properties of metal without changing its shape

A

Heat treating

62
Q

Heat treating methods

A

Annealing
Tempering

63
Q

Heat treatment process which alters the microstructure of a metal to change its mechanical properties
Reduces hardness
Increase ductility
Eliminates internal stresses

A

Annealing

64
Q

Soften a metal for cold working

A

Annealing

65
Q

A heat treatment process that involves slow heating a metal to precise temperature below the critical point and slowly cooling to room temperature

A

Tempering

66
Q

Reduce hardness, improve ductility, increase toughness and strength thereby reducing brittleness

A

Tempering

67
Q

Common causes of material failure

A

Fatigue
Corrosion
Radiation induced embrittlement
Chemical
Work Harding

68
Q

Repetitive and redistribution of forces acting on a material will cause

A

Fatigue

69
Q

Combination of localized corrosion and fatigue failure
Surface defects caused by localized corrosion like pitting

A

Corrosion fatigue

70
Q

Three factor that are necessary for stress corrosion cracking

A

Tensile stress
Susceptible material
Corrosion agent (oxygen/ chlorides)

71
Q

What two ways can neutron radiation impact crystals

A

Elastic interaction
Inelastic interaction

72
Q

When the Atom decays and becomes a new element

A

Neutron inelastic interaction

73
Q

Radiation induced embrittlement increases and decreases what
Hardness -
Embrittlement -
Ductility-

A

Increase
Increase
Decrease

74
Q

A sudden, extreme variation in temperature which causes tension/excessive stress in a material due to unequal expansion or contraction within the material

A

Thermal shock/ stress

75
Q

Susceptible materials to thermal shock

A

Reactor vessel in Bwr
Reactor vessel, pressurize and steam generator for pwr

76
Q

Form of erosion caused by implosion of gas bubbles on a metal surface

A

Cavitation

77
Q

Chemical dissolution of surface oxides and metal accelerated by high velocity fluid and or flow impingement

A

Flow accelerated corrosion FAC

78
Q

Causes of flow accelerated corrosion

A

Dissolution of the oxide film
Inadequate oxygen concentration/ph to sustain passive oxide film

material science (1 decks)

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