Material in Lectures

Question 1

What are all of the functional groups mentioned throughout the duration of the course?

Answer 1

Alkene, Alkyne, Arene, Halide, Alcohol, Ether, Amine, Nitrile.

Aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, Ester, Amide

Question 2

How does carbon hybridization relate to bonds?

Answer 2

sb-sp3
db-sp2
tb - sp

Question 3

How do bond angles relate to bond types?

Answer 3

sb= 109.5 degrees
db- 120 degrees
tb- 180 degrees

Question 4

Small pka?

Answer 4

Strong acid

Question 5

Strong acid yields?

Answer 5

Weak conjugate base

Question 6

Reaction favor what type of acid movement?

Answer 6

Strong acid to weak acid

Question 7

Lewis acids

Answer 7

Receive lone pairs (sometimes carbocation) (electrophiles)

Question 8

Lewis bases

Answer 8

Donate lone pairs (nucleophiles)

Question 9

What is a conjugated compound?

Answer 9

compound with continuous sp2 hybridized carbons

Question 10

How do resonance structures relate to stability?

Answer 10

More resonance structures = more stability

Question 11

The shorthand of making a monomer a polymer?

Answer 11

Break db and repeat twice connecting all carbons together. Put brackets and an n.

Question 12

What is a phenyl?

Answer 12

Benzene substituent attached to a large carbon chain.

Question 13

What is phenol?

Answer 13

Benzene with an OH substituent

Question 14

Ortho, meta, para arrangements?

Answer 14

Ortho right beside, meta one carbon between, and para is directly on other side of benzene ring

Question 15

Base-catalyzed addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone?

Answer 15

Hydrate (two OH substituents) + OH-

Question 16

Acid-catalyzed addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone?

Answer 16

Hydrate (two OH substituents) + H3O+

Question 17

Addition of alcohol to aldehyde/ketone?

Answer 17

Acetal formation (Molecule with one methyl group and two methyl groups with oxygens attached) BONUS

Question 18

Aldehyde/ketone + amine?

Answer 18

Imine formation (nitrogen double bonded to a carbon with 3 methyl groups) BONUS

Question 19

How can you tell if a molecule is a carboxylic acid or derivative?

Answer 19

Not an aldehyde or ketone but still have carbonyl groups (+nitirle)

Question 20

CA are more acidic than alcohols because?

Answer 20

They have more resonance structures (more stable)

Question 21

Electronegative atom on CA(+d)?

Answer 21

Acts as a leaving group

Question 22

What steps are involved in the mechanism of a CA(+d)?

Answer 22

Subbing a nucleophile for a Y group

Question 23

How do you convert a CA to an acid chloride?

Answer 23

SOCl2

Question 24

Acid chloride to CA?

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

Acid chloride + NH3?

Answer 25

Amide (one less H) and NH4Cl (one more H)

Question 26

Acid chloride + alcohol?

Answer 26

Ester

Question 27

Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are all derivatives of what molecule?

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

Reactions with (alc, phen, eth) involve?

Answer 28

One or both hydrogens being replaced by organic parts

Question 29

Alcohols and phenols can do what that ethers can't do?

Answer 29

Form hydrogen bonds (Higher boiling point)

Question 30

Intermediate in phenols has more resonance structures causing it to be?

Answer 30

More acidic than alcohols

Question 31

Alcohol/ Phenol + Strong Acid gives?

Answer 31

Oxonium ion (oxygen with three substituents with (+) fc) + ion

Question 32

Alcohol + water?

Answer 32

Alkoxide ion (R-O(-)) + H3O+

Question 33

Phenol + water?

Answer 33

Phenoxide ion (Ar-O(-))+ H3O+

Question 34

Aldehyde to primary alcohol?

Answer 34

Condition: NaBH4 (source of H-)

Question 35

Ketone to secondary alcohol?

Answer 35

Condition: NaBH4 (source of H-)

Question 36

Carboxylic acid to Primary Alcohol?

Answer 36

Condition: LiAl4 (source of H-)

Question 37

Ester to Primary Alcohol?

Answer 37

Condition: LiAl4 (source of H-)

Question 38

Alcohol + strong acid?

Answer 38

Alkene + elimination of water

Question 39

Periodinane (oxidizing agent) +primary alcohol give?

Answer 39

aldehydes

Question 40

Na2Cr2O7 or CrO3 (oxidizing agents) + secondary alcohol give?

Answer 40

Carboxylic acid

Question 41

Alcohol gives ether?

Answer 41

Condition: alkali metal/strong base

Question 42

Phenol gives ether?

Answer 42

Condition: Nu-X and base

Question 43

Ether + H-X?

Answer 43

Alcohol + C-X (with three methyl groups)

Question 44

Alcohol + H-X ?

Answer 44

Alkyl Halide + H20

Question 45

What does Mg do in carbon with 4 subs?

Answer 45

Attaches to most electronegative sub (water can mess it up)

Question 46

Aromaticity

Answer 46

4n+2, closed ring, conjugated

Question 47

determine the number of stereoisomers?

Answer 47

2^chirality centers

Question 48

What is a mesocompound?

Answer 48

Contains chirality centres but is also symmetrical

Question 49

What does CH3MgBr do to ketones?

Answer 49

Oxidizes Oxygen and adds a methyl group