Material in Lectures Flashcards
What are all of the functional groups mentioned throughout the duration of the course?
Alkene, Alkyne, Arene, Halide, Alcohol, Ether, Amine, Nitrile.
Aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, Ester, Amide
How does carbon hybridization relate to bonds?
sb-sp3
db-sp2
tb - sp
How do bond angles relate to bond types?
sb= 109.5 degrees
db- 120 degrees
tb- 180 degrees
Small pka?
Strong acid
Strong acid yields?
Weak conjugate base
Reaction favor what type of acid movement?
Strong acid to weak acid
Lewis acids
Receive lone pairs (sometimes carbocation) (electrophiles)
Lewis bases
Donate lone pairs (nucleophiles)
What is a conjugated compound?
compound with continuous sp2 hybridized carbons
How do resonance structures relate to stability?
More resonance structures = more stability
The shorthand of making a monomer a polymer?
Break db and repeat twice connecting all carbons together. Put brackets and an n.
What is a phenyl?
Benzene substituent attached to a large carbon chain.
What is phenol?
Benzene with an OH substituent
Ortho, meta, para arrangements?
Ortho right beside, meta one carbon between, and para is directly on other side of benzene ring
Base-catalyzed addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone?
Hydrate (two OH substituents) + OH-
Acid-catalyzed addition of water to an aldehyde or ketone?
Hydrate (two OH substituents) + H3O+
Addition of alcohol to aldehyde/ketone?
Acetal formation (Molecule with one methyl group and two methyl groups with oxygens attached) BONUS
Aldehyde/ketone + amine?
Imine formation (nitrogen double bonded to a carbon with 3 methyl groups) BONUS
How can you tell if a molecule is a carboxylic acid or derivative?
Not an aldehyde or ketone but still have carbonyl groups (+nitirle)
CA are more acidic than alcohols because?
They have more resonance structures (more stable)
Electronegative atom on CA(+d)?
Acts as a leaving group
What steps are involved in the mechanism of a CA(+d)?
Subbing a nucleophile for a Y group
How do you convert a CA to an acid chloride?
SOCl2
Acid chloride to CA?
Water
Acid chloride + NH3?
Amide (one less H) and NH4Cl (one more H)
Acid chloride + alcohol?
Ester
Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are all derivatives of what molecule?
Water
Reactions with (alc, phen, eth) involve?
One or both hydrogens being replaced by organic parts
Alcohols and phenols can do what that ethers can’t do?
Form hydrogen bonds (Higher boiling point)
Intermediate in phenols has more resonance structures causing it to be?
More acidic than alcohols
Alcohol/ Phenol + Strong Acid gives?
Oxonium ion (oxygen with three substituents with (+) fc) + ion
Alcohol + water?
Alkoxide ion (R-O(-)) + H3O+
Phenol + water?
Phenoxide ion (Ar-O(-))+ H3O+
Aldehyde to primary alcohol?
Condition: NaBH4 (source of H-)
Ketone to secondary alcohol?
Condition: NaBH4 (source of H-)
Carboxylic acid to Primary Alcohol?
Condition: LiAl4 (source of H-)
Ester to Primary Alcohol?
Condition: LiAl4 (source of H-)
Alcohol + strong acid?
Alkene + elimination of water
Periodinane (oxidizing agent) +primary alcohol give?
aldehydes
Na2Cr2O7 or CrO3 (oxidizing agents) + secondary alcohol give?
Carboxylic acid
Alcohol gives ether?
Condition: alkali metal/strong base
Phenol gives ether?
Condition: Nu-X and base
Ether + H-X?
Alcohol + C-X (with three methyl groups)
Alcohol + H-X ?
Alkyl Halide + H20
What does Mg do in carbon with 4 subs?
Attaches to most electronegative sub (water can mess it up)
Aromaticity
4n+2, closed ring, conjugated
determine the number of stereoisomers?
2^chirality centers
What is a mesocompound?
Contains chirality centres but is also symmetrical
What does CH3MgBr do to ketones?
Oxidizes Oxygen and adds a methyl group
