Mastering

Question 1

In which soil order would you find a soil with a high clay content, but is not sticky when wet nor hard when dry?

Answer 1

ustox

Question 2

which soil order is least likely to occur where the natural vegetation is forest?

Answer 2

mollisols

Question 3

a soil pedon is

Answer 3

a 3-D unit that embodies the primary characteristics of an individual soil

Question 4

a very high pH found in some arid region soils are most likely due to high levels of exchangeable

Answer 4

Na+

Question 5

True or False: In extremely acidic soils (pH 3-4), most of the Al 3+ and H+ ions are bound tightly by organic matter and silicate clays and are not readily excahangeable

Answer 5

true

Question 6

a soil pH of 3 would be typical of which of the folliwng

Answer 6

an acid sulfate soil

Question 7

so called acid rain has been shown to accelerate the acidification of humid region ecosystems. the acidification occurs because the rain contains ____ as a result of fossil fuel combustion

Answer 7

both nitric and sulfuric acid

Question 8

aluminum toxicity problems can be overcome by

Answer 8

-applying lime to rasie the soil pH
-applying organic amendments to form organo-aluminum complexes
-applying gypsum to lower the amount of exchangeable and dissolved aluminum in the soil

Question 9

the exchange complexes of strongly acidic (pH 4.5) mineral soils are saturated mainly with

Answer 9

exchangeable Al 3+ ions

Question 10

Poor plant growth in a well-drained irrigated soil in an arid region (pH = 8) is most likely due to

Answer 10

iron deficiency

Question 11

Sodic soils tend to have a very high pH level primarily because

Answer 11

sodium carbonate is more soluble than calcium carbonate so more carbonate ions are available to react with water, thereby producing OH- ions

Question 12

which of the following statements depicts a major problem associated with sodic soils

Answer 12

-extremely slow movement of air and water
-extremely high pH (between 8.5 to 10.5)
-toxicity of sodium and bicarbonate ions

Question 13

Electrical conductivity (EC) of a soil-water paste is measured to estimate the ___ of the soil

Answer 13

salinity

Question 14

What treatment(s) would be effective in reclaiming 100 hectares of saline sodic soil?

Answer 14

-irrigate with diluted sulfuric acid solution
-mix finely ground gypsum into the soil and then irrigate with an excess of water

Question 15

which soil order would be expected in a coastal area that was recently covered by marine deposits by a tsunami?

Answer 15

entisols

Question 16

Negative effects of acidity in subsoils can be ameliorated by adding gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O) to the soil surface. Which of the following most likely helps account for this?

Answer 16

gypsum dissolves and leaches downward, increasing the Ca//Al ratio in the soil solution

Question 17

true or false The acidity and detrimental impacts of “acid rain” is primarily due to the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Answer 17

false

Question 18

Which of the following soil pH levels indicates an alkaline soil?

Answer 18

7.5

Question 19

Gypsum is the most widely used chemical for the reclamation of sodic soils. What characteristic accounts for its popularity?

Answer 19

gypsum is abundant and low priced

Question 20

which of these contains the availability of phosphorus in acid soils

Answer 20

iron

Question 21

The nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy is characterized by all but which one of the following statements?

Answer 21

the names reflect a soil’s parent material

Question 22

An acid soil is known to contain toxic quantities of a certain plant nutrient. Which is these essential elements is it most likely to be?

Answer 22

manganese

Question 23

Which of the following epipedons has the lowest concentration of organic matter?

Answer 23

ochric

Question 24

Normal alkaline soils are characterized by all but which one of the following?

Answer 24

high levels of exchangeable sodium

Question 25

A soil has a thick black A horizon, a distinct B horizon, a reasonably stable structure and was formed under natural grassland vegetation? In which suborder is it most likely classed?

Answer 25

udolls

Question 26

which of the following human actions is most apt to result in a long-term increase in soil pH

Answer 26

irrigation with high sodium salt-containing waters

Question 27

Dolomitic limestone is favored over other liming materials when which essential nutrient element is in low supply?

Answer 27

Mg

Question 28

which of the five soil-forming factors is mos responsible for the difference between Gellisols and Ultisols

Answer 28

climate

Question 29

saline soils are characterized by

Answer 29

pH values less than 8.5

Question 30

You are studying plant acclimation in an area experiencing a drought during a particularly warm summer. Which of the following is NOT one of the plant responses you could encounter?

Answer 30

increased rates of photosynthesis

Question 31

In general, the range of temperatures over which net photosynthesis is at its maximum __________.

Answer 31

shifts in the direction of the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown

Question 32

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

Answer 32

chloroplasts

Question 33

photosynthesis equation?

Answer 33

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 34

where does the calvin cycle occur?

Answer 34

in the stroma (empty space next to rows)

Question 35

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

Answer 35

water // NADPH

Question 36

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.

Answer 36

photorespiration

Question 37

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.

Answer 37

cytoplasm

Question 38

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.

Answer 38

transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the calvin cycle occurs

Question 39

plants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway

Answer 39

divide photosynthesis between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells

Question 40

To overcome constraints imposed by the physical environment, plants often have to make trade-offs involving the acquisition of above- and below-ground resources. Which of the following is FALSE?

Answer 40

Plants adapted to dry, sunny environments tend to have characteristics such as larger leaves and increased production of roots to both take advantage of the high light levels and withdraw sufficient water from the parched soil.

Question 41

In the Calvin-Benson or C3 photosynthetic pathway, the enzyme rubisco catalyzes the reaction called

Answer 41

carboxylation

Question 42

true or false CAM plants typically live in hot dry deserts

Answer 42

true

Question 43

The value of photosynthetically active radiation above which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs is referred to as

Answer 43

the light saturation point.

Question 44

Which of the following statements about shade plants is FALSE?

Answer 44

they have small thick leaves

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of trade-offs in plant adaptations?

Answer 45

In a forest floor outside of Seattle, you find a plant growing in a very shaded area. You determine that it has consistently low respiration rates, but it also reaches maximum net photosynthesis at lower light levels than its neighbors growing in higher-light environments.

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate statement about the pattern of evolutionary constraints and trade-offs plants may exhibit?

Answer 46

Species adapted to low-light environments exhibit higher rates of respiration that enable them to maintain positive rates of photosynthesis under low light levels, but these characteristics increase maximum rates of photosynthesis and plant growth under high light levels.

Question 47

the channels indicated by the pointer are (orange cell picture)

Answer 47

plasmodesmata (looks like an opening)

Question 48

Which of these are symbiotic associations?

Answer 48

mycorrihizae

Question 49

In roots the _____ forces water and solutes to pass through the plasma membranes of _____ cells before entering the _____.

Answer 49

Casparian strip ... endodermis ... xylem

Question 50

_____ provide(s) the major force for the movement of water and solutes from roots to leaves.

Answer 50

transpiration

Question 51

_____ bonds are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules.

Answer 51

hydrogen

Question 52

_____ cells are the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thus playing a role in regulating transpiration.

Answer 52

guard

Question 53

Net photosynthesis is equal to

Answer 53

photosynthesis - respiration.

Question 54

The C4 photosynthetic pathway is most common in

Answer 54

grasses and shrubs in warm and dry climates

Question 55

The CO2 fertilization effect refers to __________.

Answer 55

the higher rates of diffusion and photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2

Question 56

true or false At light levels below the light compensation point, the rate of carbon loss due to respiration exceeds the rate of uptake in the process of photosynthesis.

Answer 56

true

Question 57

The area inhabited by all individuals of a particular species is known as the population's

Answer 57

geographic range

Question 58

Which of the following sampling techniques represents an index of abundance rather than an estimate of density?

Answer 58

number of bear droppings along a trail

Question 59

true or false Small trees are often the same age as large individuals in the canopy.

Answer 59

true

Question 60

A(n) ____ consists of all the members of a species that live together in a specific geographic region.

Answer 60

population

Question 61

The ____ is made up of all of Earth's ecosystems, or all the parts of Earth that support life.

Answer 61

biosphere

Question 62

The average number of children born to each woman in a human population is known as the total ____ rate.

Answer 62

fertility

Question 63

A(n) ____ includes all the organisms in a defined geographical area, as well the nonliving components with which they interact.

Answer 63

ecosystem

Question 64

___ is the study of the interrelationships among organisms and their surroundings.

Answer 64

ecology

Question 65

From 1930 to 1939 fire ants spread inland about 60 miles from their point of introduction in Mobile, Alabama. What was the cause of their spread over this distance?

Answer 65

a natural spread

Question 66

From 1940 to 1970 fire ants spread through many southern states, sometimes at a rate of 100 miles in a year. What was the cause of their spread over this distance?

Answer 66

being transported along with plants and soil

Question 67

In 1958 federal law restricted the movement of soil and plants from areas where fire ants were established. Why was this law unsuccessful in stopping the spread of fire ant colonies?

Answer 67

People were unaware of the federal law and, when they moved, transported plants bearing fire ant colonies; a single mated queen can be transported without being noticed; and many states thought to be free of fire ant colonies already had them.

Question 68

Techniques used, or are being considered for use, in controlling the spread of fire ants include _____.

Answer 68

setting baits that kill the queen when they are carried back to the nest, applying chemical powders that kill the colony, introducing a protist to infect the fire ant queen and her eggs, and introducing a fly that lays eggs in fire ants so that the eggs will hatch into larvae that eat their way into the ants' heads, which will then fall off

Question 69

The California newt is found only in California. This is an example of a(n) ________ species.

Answer 69

endemic

Question 70

Which of the following is not a feature of a population?

Answer 70

number of species

Question 71

An ecologist counts the number of individuals in five samples of equal area for four species of organisms. Which of these counts best represents a clumped population?

Answer 71

47, 18, 93, 12, 28

Question 72

Which of the following was propagated and promoted for use by the Soil Conservation Service but is now listed as a Federal Noxious Weed?

Answer 72

kudzu

Question 73

If, via global warming, the temperatures increased in Canada, the red maple might be able to extend its ________ to the North.

Answer 73

geographic range

Question 74

The _______ is the average number of children born per woman in her lifetime for a given population.

Answer 74

total fertility rate

Question 75

The ________ is the fertility level needed to maintain a stable population size.

Answer 75

replacement fertility rate

Question 76

Over the past 50 years, the average human _______ has increased due largely to fewer children dying in infancy.

Answer 76

life expectancy

Question 77

If a population has more deaths than births in a given year, its _______ will be a negative value.

Answer 77

natural rate of population change

Question 78

When a population's ________ has a wide base and narrower top, the population is predicted to grow larger over time.

Answer 78

age structure diagram

Question 79

A(n) __________ studies the population dynamics of humans.

Answer 79

demographer

Question 80

Which of the following statements about population distributions and densities is true?

Answer 80

Dispersal plays a major role in range expansion for populations that have been introduced into a new region.

Question 81

Which of the following statements is true of metapopulations?

Answer 81

A metapopulation is a collection of local populations that are connected through the movement of individuals among them.

Question 82

A population's density is calculated as the

Answer 82

number of individuals per unit area

Question 83

You see three shoots of a plant with a connected root system. This is an example of

Answer 83

3 ramets.

Question 84

You are visiting a mature pine forest and the guide explains that these habitats are important to protect because they contain the Red Cockaded Woodpecker, an endemic species. Your friend asks you to explain what endemic means.

Answer 84

You explain that it is a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular localized habitat, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest.