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year 2 buzzwords > master document Pt1 > Flashcards

master document Pt1 Flashcards

1
Q

what do bisphophonates do?

A

reduce osteoclast resorption

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2
Q

what muscles attach to the clavicle

A

deltoid and trapezius

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3
Q

what does strontium do

A

increases osteoblast replication and reduces resorption

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4
Q

describe an osteoclast

A

breaks up bone – multinucleate

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5
Q

describe an osteoblast

A

builds bone

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6
Q

what increases during acute illness

A

ferritin

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7
Q

how is an osteosarcoma seen on an X-ray

A

as the Codman triangle which is due to periosteum elevation by tumour formation

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8
Q

what inserts onto the lesser trochanter

A

Psoas major

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9
Q

what can cause hypercalcaemia and how

A

lithium by resetting the set point of PTH

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10
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

striations and peripheral nuclei

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11
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells:

A

located on bone surfaces, for example under the periosteum, these cells serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts

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12
Q

osteoblasts:

A

bone forming cells found on the surface of developing bone. They have plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria.

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13
Q

osteocytes:

A

a bone cell trapped within the bone matrix.

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14
Q

osteoclasts:

A

large multinucleated cells. They are found on the surface of bone and are responsible for bone resorption

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15
Q

Pernicious anaemia –

A

not enough B12

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16
Q

where can Musculocutaneous nerve injury present as weakness

A

in elbow flexion as it innervates biceps brachii

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17
Q

where is the sternal angle located

A

at the lower border of T4 vertebrae

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18
Q

where does the middle meningeal artery go through

A

foramen spinosum

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19
Q

Non-painful flexion contracture which is not correctable in elderly patient –

A

Dupuytrens

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20
Q

pain and numbness

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

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21
Q

pain and inflammation

A

deQuervain tenosynovitis

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22
Q

pain and clicking or trigger sign

A

flexor tendinitis

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23
Q

well circumcised without causing rigid contractures

A

tendon sheath ganglia

24
Q

radial nerve palsy is normally caused by fractures involving

A

the distal 1/3 of the humerus

25
Q

atraumatic c spine injury can occur in

A

Down syndrome and RA

26
Q

polio:

A

affects motor anterior horn cell in the spinal cord, flu like illness

27
Q

what may predispose to SUFE

A

Hypothyroidism or renal disease

28
Q

Sufe:

A

patients can present with pain purely in the knee Loss of internal rotation of the hip

29
Q

apophysitis:

A

inflammation of a growing tubercle where a tendon attaches

30
Q

Talipes Equinovarus (clubfoot):

A

boys, forefoot supination, forefoot varus alignment, ankle equinus (plantarflexion), Ponseti technique of splintage, loosen Achilles tendon

31
Q

Spondylolisthesis is

A

slippage of one vertebra over another and usually occurs at the L4/L5 or L5/S1 level

32
Q

Ankylosing spondylosis:

A

male, age 20-40, bamboo spine, can have fusion of sacroiliac joints

33
Q

what doesn’t have any effect on spinal disease

A

DMARDs

34
Q

onycholysis:

A

lifting of the nail from the nail bed (nail fungus or psoriasis)

35
Q

Reactive arthritis: in response to GU or GI infection

A

Large joints (knees) swell 1-3 weeks after infection

36
Q

Reiter’s syndrome:

A

uveitis/conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis

37
Q

treat raynauds

A

calcium channel blockers (nifedipine)

38
Q

what is the final product of the breakdown of purines (adenosine & guanine)

A

uric acid

39
Q

gout

A

Needle shaped negative birefringence (change from yellow to blue when lined across the direction of polarisation

40
Q

gout treatment

A

use colchicine or NSAIDs

41
Q

what is pseudogout caused by

A

by calcium pyrophosphate crystals

42
Q

Polymyalgia rheumatica:

A

HLA-DR4 & exposure to adenovirus/parvovirus B19

43
Q

ENT symptoms are common in

A

GPA

44
Q

polymyalgia reumatica is associated with

A

GCA

45
Q

GPA associated with

A

cANCA and PR3

46
Q

olfer’s elbow –

A

medial condyle

47
Q

tennis elbow –

A

lateral condyle

48
Q

Total knee replacement:

A

cobalt chrome or stainless steel or titanium with a high density polyethylene bearing surface or ceramic

49
Q

Meniscal injuries:

A

twisting force on a loaded knee
ie turning in football
- Joint line pain and effusion the next day
- Locking

50
Q

ACL rupture –

A
  • higher rotational force, turning upper body laterally on a planted foot
  • Rugby, skiing
  • Pop felt or heard
  • Haemarthrosis – due to vascular bleeding of ACL within 1 hour
  • Anterior drawer test and Lachman test positive
51
Q

Hip pathology produces pain in the

A

groin

52
Q

hip replacement early complications

A

infection, dislocation, nerve injury, MI, chest infection, DVT, PE

53
Q

hip replacement late complications

A

loosening, late infection and late dislocation

54
Q

Gold standard for hallux rigidus is

A

arthrodesis (surgical immobilisation of a joint by fusion)

55
Q

Morton’s neuroma:

A
  • Irritated nerves can become inflamed and swollen and form a neuroma
  • Burning pain and tingling radiating into the affected toes
  • Women and high heels are a cause
  • Third interspace nerve is most commonly affected
  • Planter interdigital nerves (from medial and lateral plantar nerves)
  • Mulder’s click test: squish the forefoot together
  • US for diagnosis (of swollen nerve)

Metatarsal pad/offloading insole/steroid and local anaesthetic insole

year 2 buzzwords (3 decks)

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