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Histology > Master blaster > Flashcards

Master blaster Flashcards

1
Q

Type of CTP is determined by:

A
  1. Ratio of cells to fibers.

2. Density of interstitial matrix (pus-like matrix)

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2
Q

AKA for loose CTP

A

Areolar

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3
Q

Fibers are present & viable in this CTP

A

Elastic fibers

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4
Q

Present fibers in this CTP only if stained with silver nitrate

A

Reticular fibers

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5
Q

CTP that is most numerous & visible in all directions

A

Collagen fibers

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6
Q

Name 3 types of Fixed Cells

A

Fibrocytes (AKA: fibroblasts) produce pus-like matrix.
Adipose cells may be there, bound by reticular fibers.
Histiocytes function in phagocytosis.

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7
Q

2 Types of loose CTP Cells

A

Fixed cells

wandering cells

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8
Q

AKA for wandering cells

A

Mast cells

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9
Q

3 types of wandering cells produced?

A

Serotonin
Histamine
Heparin

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10
Q

In order, what are they- each type? (Sarotonin, histamine, heparin)

A

Vasoconstrictor
vasodialator,
anticoagulant

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11
Q

What do wandering cells do?

A

They are involved in shorter term events like tissue damage & infection; they go
to the site of damage, fix it & return.

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12
Q

Where do wandering cells exist?

A

White blood cells & plasma cells from blood.

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13
Q

What are the 3 locations where you can find wandering & fixed cells?

A
  1. mesentaries
  2. greater & lesser omenta (above & below stomach); omenta
    peritoneal veils connecting & supporting viscera.
  3. hypodermis (3rd later or skin)
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14
Q

What is the shape of collagen?

A

gel-like or ribbon-like

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15
Q

What is the shape of elastic? Is it thicker or thinner than collagen?

A

ribbon-like; thicker

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16
Q

What is the shape of reticular fibers?

A

twig or branch

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17
Q

. How is dense CTP different than loose CTP?

A

higher concentration of fibers

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of dense CTP called?

A

Dense regular & Dense irregular

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19
Q

Name the 3 characteristics of Dense Irregular CTP.

A
  1. Random arrangement of yellow collagen fibers; make up dermal layer.
  2. Purple fibrocytes visible.
  3. Found in dermis & under epithelium of urinary tract.
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20
Q

What does the arrangement of Dense Irregular CTP look like?

A

spaghetti with raisins

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21
Q

Name the 3 characteristics of Dense Regular CTP

A
  1. light yellow collagen fibers in dense, parallel bundles.
  2. fibrocytes visible.
  3. gives tensile strength to resist pulling.
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22
Q

Where is Dense Regular CTP found?

A

tendons & ligaments (ligaments: less-regular)

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23
Q

What does the arrangement of Dense Regular CTP look like?

A

thin purple streaks

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24
Q

Name the 4 types of CTP with special properties.

A
  1. yellow elastic CTP
  2. adipose CTP
  3. mucoid CTP
  4. reticular CTP
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25
Q 
MATCHING FOR CTP WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
31. Greatest in number
A

D yellow Elastic CTP

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26
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
32.  “Branching patterns”
A

A

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27
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
33. No fibrocytes visible
A

A

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28
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
34. Function in energy storage & production
A

B

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29
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
35. Wharten’s jelly (umbilical cord)
A

C

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30
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
36. Dark fibers stained with silver nitrate (argyrophilic)
A

A

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31
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
37. Cells look like stretched out, unorganized chicken wire (raspberry jam smears)
A

C

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32
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
38. Regularly arranged cells with boundaries of reticular fibers
A

B

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33
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
39. Found in ligamentum nuchae & flava
A

D

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34
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
40. Vitreous humor of the eye
A

C

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35
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
41. Found in large arteries
A

D

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36
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
42. Found in lymphatic system (lymph node, spleen, liver, bone marrow)
A

A

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37
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
43. Found in branchi, trachea
A

D

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38
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
 44. Red & white pulp cells, function in immunity.
A

A

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39
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
 45. Found in clitoris & penis
A

D

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40
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
46. Looks like chicken wire
A

B

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41
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
47. Pink collagen fibers in background
A

D

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42
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
48. Found surrounding arteries & some veins.
A

D

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43
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
49. Found everywhere except brain.
A

B

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44
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
50. Sites for B & T Lymphocytes
A

A

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45
Q 
PROPERTIES:
 A. RETICULAR CTP
 B. ADIPOSE CTP
 C. MUCOID CTP
 D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP
51. Loses coloration at death.
A

D

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46
Q

What is the basic cell of cartilage?

A

chondrocyte (chondroblast)

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47
Q

What kind of matrix exists in cartilage?

A

gel-like

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48
Q

What are the 2 ways cartilage is different than other CT?

A
  1. no nerves or blood vessels

2. gets nutrients via matrix

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49
Q

What is the metaphor for what cartilage looks like?

A

peacock feather eyes

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50
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage.

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
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51
Q

What is the one temporary cartilage called?

A

isogenous group

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52
Q

What are its characteristics? (isogenous group)

A

a temporary condition where 2 or more chondrocytes exist in 1 lacunae.

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53
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
59. Contains 2 growth zones (2 answers)
A

A & B

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54
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
60. Function is support & flexibility
A

B

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55
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
61. Found at weight-bearing points
A

C

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56
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
62. Can’t see collagen because not much & it’s embedded in gel.
A

A

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57
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
63. No perichondrium
A

C

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58
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
64. Collagen fibers almost cover chondrocytes
A

C

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59
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
65. Transitional tissue between cartilage & CTP chondroctyes are found in lacunae
A

C

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60
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
66. Only grows interstitially
A

C

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61
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
67. Found in ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube, eu-nose
A

B

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62
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
68. Function is support ONLY.
A

A

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63
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
69. Function is tough support & tensile strength.
A

C

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64
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
70. Can see chondroctyes in their lacuna.
A

B

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65
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
71. No appositional growth zone
A

C

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66
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
72. Found in ventral ribs, tracheal rings, larynx, joint surfaces of bones
A

A

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67
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
73. Found in IVD, pubic symphysis, tendon to bone attachments
A

C

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68
Q 
MATCHING CARTILAGE
 A. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 C. FIBROCARTILAGE
74. Christmas tree slide
A

B

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69
Q
  1. What makes cartilage so unique?
A

no vessels, no nerves (remember: epithelial has no blood vessels. Cartilage takes
it a step further with no nerves.

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70
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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71
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage growth mechanisms?

A

appositional & interstitial

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72
Q

How do they grow? (appositional and interstitial)

A

appositional: layering, grows around interstitial
interstitial: grows in 4 directions

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73
Q

Is the perichondrium layer interstitial or appositional?

A

appositional

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74
Q

Can you or can you not see the nucleus in mast cells (wandering cells)?

A

CANNOT.

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75
Q

What is the typical shape of mast cells?

A

large, round cells, but size & shape vary.

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76
Q

Name 5 examples of wandering cells.

A

macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells

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77
Q

How do wandering cells move?

A

move in & out of CT via the ground substance.

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78
Q

What type of cell is the 1st line of defense against microorganisms?

A

wandering cells

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79
Q

Where are mucous CT tissues mostly formed?

A

embryo mesenchymal cells

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80
Q

What type of CT offers: (TISSUE FUNCTION)

a. mechanical support (2 answers)
b. exchange of metabolites (2 answers)
c. storage, energy reserves
d. protection against infection
e. repair after injury

A

. a. elastic or reticular b. blood, wandering cells c. adipose d. marcophages e.
fibroblasts

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81
Q

Which CT element is most resistant?

A

reticular CTP

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82
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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83
Q

What is the outside layer made of? (skin)

A

stratified squamous

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84
Q

What is the middle layer made of? (skin)

A

dense irregular CTP

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85
Q

What is the inner layer made of?(skin)

A

dense regular CTP

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86
Q

What are the 5 steps of tissue preparation in order?

A

Fixation, Embedding, Sectioning, Staining, Mounting

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87
Q

How does bone differ from other tissues?

A

the extra-cellular component is calcified.

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88
Q

What does bone marrow produce?

A

blood

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89
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  1. osteoprogenitor 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocyte 4. osteoclast
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90
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
96. Builds lacuna
A

B

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91
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
97. Howship's lacuna are wide and shallow-where they stay?
A

D

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92
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
98. A Stem cell?
A

A

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93
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
99. Capable of becoming a seed cell, producing more of itself (duplication) or can undergo differentiation (stem line).
A

A

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94
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
100. Can make more stem cells or become osteoblasts by duplication.
A

A

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95
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
101. Active matrix-forming cells.
A

B

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96
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
102. Absorption/reabsorption.
A

D

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97
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
103. Mature cell in a lacuna.
A

C

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98
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
104. Bone breakdown.
A

D

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99
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
105. Forms osteoblast.
A

A

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100
Q 
MATCHING: BONE CELLS
A. OSTEOPROGENITOR
B. OSTEOBLAST
C. OSTEOCYTE
D. OSTEOCLAST
106. Resting/dormant cell.
A

C

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101
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A

compact, spongy

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102
Q

. What causes hypertrophy in bone

A

weight-bearing exercise

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103
Q

What is spongy bone also called?

A

cancellou

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104
Q

Which type of bone makes up most of the body?

A

spongy because lightweight

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105
Q

What is the cancellous material called & what does it not contain?

A

trabeculae; blood vessels

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106
Q

. Which type of bone does not have a Haversian system?

A

spongy

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107
Q

What is the purpose of trabecullae?

A

allows communication from 1 end of bone to other

108
Q

Where is the only place that lamellae is located?

A

compact bone

109
Q

What is the growth area of bone?

A

metaphysic

110
Q

What is the periosteum’s function?

A

can form bone & mend bone (osteogenic potency)

111
Q

What does not overlap with periosteum?

A

hyaline cartilage

112
Q

What is the method called for bone to grow wider?

A

intramembraneous ossification with aide of periosteum

113
Q

What is the method called for bone to grow longer?

A

hyaline cartilage: intercartilagenous ossification (endochondral
ossification)

114
Q

What are the 3 types of lamellae formation for compact bone?

A

haversian system, interstitial system, inner & outer circumferential

115
Q

What is the formation of the Haversian system?

A

concentric rings/ ring formation

116
Q

.What is the formation of the Interstitial lamella?

A 
refractional lines (cementing)- irregular angles/fragments—fillers in hard
bone
117
Q

What are the 2 membranes that are not a part of compact?

A

endosteum (inside) & periosteum (outside)

118
Q

How are the 3 lamellae patterns determined under a microscope?

A

by demarcating lines

119
Q

What membrane is considered “the great healer of bone”?

A

periosteum

120
Q

How many layers are there in the periosteum?

121
Q

How much thicker is periosteum than endosteum?

A

10 times thicker

122
Q

What is another name for sharpey’s fiber?

A

perforating fiber

123
Q

Where is Sharpey’s fiber located?

A

coarse bundles of cartilage fibers that run from outer periosteum

124
Q

What is the purpose of Sharpey’s fiber

A

anchors periosteum to underlying bone & stitches tendons & ligaments to bone

125
Q

What is Sharpey’s fiber made of?

A

analogous to dense regular cartilage

126
Q

Are periosteum & endosteum considered compact bone?

127
Q

How many layers of cells is endosteum?

128
Q

What type of tissue does endosteum look like?

A

simple squamous

129
Q

Which canals run longitudinally? Transversely/Obliquely?

A

haversian; volkmann’s

130
Q

How many vessels are in the Haversian canal sheath?

A

2 or 3 vessels

131
Q

What is the purpose of Haversian canals?

A

have coniculli that allow the passage of food/nutrients

132
Q

Do Haversian canals run the entire length of bone?

133
Q

Where do canaliculi run? and why?

A

run from central canal to lamellae & from lamellae to lamellae, take nourishment to outlying lamella

134
Q

What are fixed cells responsible for?

A

synthesis of both fiber & ground substance

135
Q

What do fibroblasts look like?

A

nerve cells

136
Q

Are fibroblasts common to all CT types?

137
Q

What’s the difference in shape of a fibroblast at rest & active?

A

resting-small nucleus, active- entire cell enlarged

138
Q

What is smaller: a fibroblast or mesenchymal cell?

A

mesenchymal

139
Q

What is believed to be the primitive cell?

A

mesenchymal

140
Q

What are the 3 constituents of bone?

A

cells, fibers, ground substance

141
Q

What is the epiphysis separated from the diaphysis by in bone?

A

epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous)

142
Q

What is hyaline cartilage also called?

A

articular cartilage

143
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A

compound of lamellae with lacunae embedded in the interstitial substance

144
Q

The inner layer of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) are in direct contact with bone. What is
this layer called?

A

cambian layer

145
Q

Can osteoblasts revert to their previous form?

146
Q

what is it call when osteoblasts revert to their previous form?

A

osteo-progenitor cells (indistinguishable from CT cells)

147
Q

If there is any injury, what happens?

A

reactivated to osteoblasts

148
Q

Is blood a means of communication?

149
Q

Where do all blood cells come from?

A

red blood marrow

150
Q

What’s the name for a red blood cell (RBC)? WBC?

A

erythrocyte; leukocyte

151
Q

What % of the cytoplasm in RBCs is made of hemoglobin?

152
Q

What are the 2 purposes of RBCs?

A

transport and exchange gases

153
Q

Which are not true cells & are enucleated?

154
Q

What is the shape of RBCs?

A

biconcave, disc-shaped, hollowed-out center. Makes greater surface area
& function of cell.

155
Q

RBC: What does the lateral aspect look like?

A

bone shape

156
Q

RBC: SI aspect?

157
Q

What is the purpose of hemoglobin in RBC’s?

A

a protein specifically designated to combine O2

158
Q

What gases do RBCs transport?

A

N, O, CO2, CO, O2, etc.

159
Q

What type of blood cell is a true cell & has a nucleus?

A

leukocytes

167.

160
Q

What is the WBC involved with?

A

the immune system

161
Q

What is the reticulo-endothelial system?

A

in WBCs, it is responsible for the removal of waste (byproducts in our
bodies)

162
Q

What do WBCs use for removal of waste in the body?

A

macrophages (all of them in the WBC)

163
Q

What determines the type of WBC?

A

–presence or absence of granules, -shape of nucleus, -mononucleated vs
polynucleated, -staining affinity

164
Q

What are granular and nongranular also called?

A

granulocytes; mononuclear leukocytes

165
Q

Name the 3 granular.

A

neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils

166
Q

Name the 2 nongranular.

A

lymphocytes, monocytes

167
Q

Where do granulations occur in WBCs?

A

cytoplasmic region

168
Q

What % are neutrophils?

169
Q

Which WBC is the 1st line of defense?

A

neutrophil

170
Q

How many lobes in its region?

171
Q

What is the material strand that connects these lobes?

172
Q

What’s an AKA for neutrophils

A

polyporphs/polymorphic nuclei

173
Q

How does neutrophil perform?

A

phagocytic for bacteria & particular matter

174
Q

lifespan of a neutrophil in the blood

175
Q

The longer it stays, the more _____ it gets.

A

“spots” - granulation

176
Q

What do females have that males don’t?

A

the extra appendage on the nuclear lobes

177
Q

What are the 3 specific granules of neutrophils in their cytoplasmic region?

A
  1. primary/azorophillic granules 2. specific granules 3. heterophilic
178
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
185. Medium size
179
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
186. Has peroxidases & Hydrolases
180
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
 187. Smallest
181
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
188. Large, electron-dense granules
182
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
189. Higher concentration of hydrolases
183
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
190. Phagocytin is an antibacterial substance.
184
Q 
MATCHING GRANULES:
A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC
B. SPECIFIC
C. HETEROPHILIC
191. Alkaline
185
Q

What % are eosinophils?

186
Q

how many lobes does eosinophils have?

A

bilobed- 2.

187
Q

what color granules? (eosonophil)

188
Q

How do lobes connect? (eosonophil)

A

chromatin- thin strand

189
Q

lifespan? (eosonophil)

190
Q

funchtions? (eosonophil)

A

phagocytize antibody-antigen complex

191
Q

When do they increase in number in the body? (eosonophil)

A

during allergic reaction or parasitic infestations; are more due to
chemotactic factors

192
Q

Chemotactic factors produce what?

A

basophils & lymphocytes

193
Q

. Chemotactic definition?

A

we know what the cell is doing, but until we can decide the msg being sent
to cell, we use chemotactic.

194
Q

What do eosinophils NOT contain?

A

phagocitin

195
Q

What % basophils?

196
Q

What does it look like? (basophils)

A

raspberry/blackberry- meta-chromatic granules cover nuclear region

197
Q

Function? (basophils)

A

not clear, but believed to have chemotactic function because of 3 granules:
1. histamine- vaso-dilator, 2. serotonin- vaso-constrictor, 3. heparia- anti-
coagulant

198
Q

Lifespan? (basophils)

A

none specified

199
Q

Function of platelets?

A

blood clotting

200
Q

Are they thrombocytes? (platelets)

201
Q

where do platelets come from?

A

large megakayocytes & are species specific

202
Q

3 steps of blood clotting?

A
  1. platelets & injured tissue cels make thromboplastin (enzyme) 2.
    thromboplastin mixes with prothrombin (made in liver- vitamin K) & uses Ca to
make thrombin (enzyme). 3. mixes with fibrinogen (in blood) to form fibrin (the
clot).
203
Q

. What do megakaryocytes undergo?

A

mitotic divisions

204
Q

Megakaryocytes are not seen in blood smears, but where are they present?

A

red bone marrow

205
Q

Which is the bigger agranular WBC?

A

monoctye; largest of ALL WBCs- 2 ½ times larger than RBC

206
Q

Function? (monocyte)

A

2nd line of defense as a reserve force for bacteria invasion

207
Q

how many lobes? (monocyte)

A

mononucleate (1 nucleus) with no lobes

208
Q

What is the shape of the nuclei? (monocyte)

A

kidney bean- pale

209
Q

lifespan? (monocyte)

210
Q

Defensive role in what 2 things? (monocyte)

A

phagocytosis & intracellular digestion of microorganisms

211
Q

Essential for processing of _______ prior to development of _______.

A

antigen; antibodies; give the antigens a “fingerprint” for future ID (the
biggest- the bouncer)

212
Q

% of monocytes?

213
Q

. % of lymphocytes?

214
Q

. Unique feature to all WBCs?

A

mallest (nuclear region slightly larger than RBC)

215
Q

Shape of cytoplasmic region? (lymphocytes)

A

quarter moon- takes up most of cytoplasm

216
Q

2 categories? (lymphocytes)

A

B-lymphoctyes & T-lymphoctyes

217
Q

How classified? (lymphocytes)

A

background, lifespan & functional potential

218
Q

Lifespan: B-lymphocytes?

A

days-weeks

219
Q

Lifespan: T-lymphoctyes?

A

months-years

220
Q

What does functional potential mean?

A

susceptibility to certain drugs

221
Q

Which produces antibodies themselves? (b-lymph and T-lymph)

222
Q

Rest spot of T-lymphoctyes?

223
Q

The T-lymph will either matriculate or proliferate until certain concentration is reached- then
what takes place?

A

mitotic division to increase in number of t-lymphocytes

224
Q

Rest spot of B-lymphocytes?

A

ALL peripheral lymphoid tissue, but does not stop & goes directly to
blood stream to get to these tissues.

225
Q

What happens when antigens are present in B-lymphocytes?

A

they differentiate into plasma cells that synthesize antibodies

226
Q

Where can the antigens go? 3 places.

A
  1. blood stream 2. return to bone marrow 3. peripheral lymph organs
227
Q

Which can they live in for months to years?(antigens)

A

lymphoid organs

228
Q

How can they help B cells? (antigens)

A

may provide additional stimulus for production of antibodies

229
Q

What is hemopoesis?

A

blood cell formation

230
Q

. What are the sites where blood cells are formed called?

A

hemopoeitic tissues or organs

231
Q

What bones remain hemopoeitic? (2 of them)

A

flat bones & ends of long bones

232
Q

Principal hemopoetic tissue in adult mammals?

A

red bone marrow

233
Q

Name 5 more places. (hemopoetic tissue)

A

liver, spleen, blood vessels, lymph nodes, thymus

234
Q

T or F: all bones start out hemopoeitic?

235
Q

2 types of bone marrow?

A

yellow and red

236
Q

What makes it yellow? (marrow)

A

adipose tissue as get older

237
Q

4 bones that remain red (hemopoeitic)?

A

sternum, skull, ventral ends of ribs, vertebre

238
Q

2 categories of blood cells according to origin

A
  1. lymphoid elements 2. myeloid elements
239
Q

Name 2 lymphoid elements.

A

mononuclear leukocytes (monoctyes & leukocytes)

240
Q

Is there a globulation of the nuclear region in lymphoid? Lobes?

241
Q

What blood cells formed from myelpoeisis?

A

all others

242
Q

. Hemopoeisis in liver & spleen _______ as bone marrow becomes established as the major blood cell-forming organ during hemopoeisis in embryonic level?

243
Q

3 phases of embryonic hemopoeisis?

A
  1. yolk sac 2. liver & spleen 3. bone marrow
244
Q

When does yolk sac emerge? Liver? Spleen? Bone marrow & lymph node?

A

2 wks; 6 wks to mid fetal period; 2-8 months

245
Q

What are the 3 theores of hemopoeisis and cell lineages?

A

Unitarian or monophyletic; dualistic or diaphyletic, polyphyletic

246
Q

Which theory of hemopoiesis & cell lineages is considered correct amongst histologists?

247
Q

In Unitarian, all blood cells arise from a common stem cell. What is this stem cell called?

A

hemocytoblast

248
Q

Which 2 cells come from one stem cell (called the lymphoblast) in the dualistic theory?

A

monocytes & lymphocytes

249
Q

Which dualistic blood cells are myeloblasts?

A

granular leukoctyes, RBCs & platelets

250
Q

. What’s the theory of polyphyletic?

A

each type of blood cell has its own primitive stem cell

251
Q

What were the 3 steps that were taken that supported the Unitarian theory as correct?

A
  1. injected rats 2. spleen was test organ 3. CFU-GM proves the unitartian theory is correct
252
Q

Stem cells have the capacity for what 2 things?

A

duplication & differentiation

253
Q

What is right below the PHSC?

254
Q

The CFU-S gives rise to what 4 things?

A

lymphoblast, CFU-B, CFU-GM, CFU-M

255
Q

Where to protocytes come from?

256
Q

What is polyploidy state?

A

A unique form of cell division with karyokinesis (nuclear division) but cytoplasm does not divide… CFU-M.

257
Q

The band form lets us decide if it is what? (3 things)

A

basophile, neutrophil, eosinophil

258
Q

. If stem cell’s progeny are able to differentiate into several different types of mature blood cells, they are described as ________ ________ ______ ______.

A

pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)

259
Q

The immediate progeny of a pluripotential stem cell that retain the capacity for self renewal, but are able to differentiate into only a single-cell type, are termed _________ ____ ____.

A

unipotential steam cells (or committed stem cells)

260
Q

. Stem cells are detected and their several categories are distinguished by testing their developmental potential in a(n) ___ ____ or ___ ____ assay system.

A

in vivo or in vitro

261
Q

. What are the stem cells designated CFU-S?

A

CFU-S—colony-forming units- spleen

262
Q

If there are 2 or more blood cell types, what is the blood cell origin?

A

pluripotential stem cell (PHSC)

263
Q

. If the progeny are all the erythrocyte lineage, they arose from what type of stem cell? What is its specific name?

A

unipotential stem cell… a colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E)

264
Q

What if they belong to a megakaryoctye line?

A

they arose from a colony-forming unit-megakaryctye (CFU-M).

265
Q

Other colonies contain both ______ and ______ and arise from a bipotential stem cell referred to as a colony forming unit-granulomonocyte (CFU-GM).

A

granulocytes & monocytes

Histology (2 decks)

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