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Master blaster Flashcards

1
Q

Type of CTP is determined by:

A
  1. Ratio of cells to fibers.

2. Density of interstitial matrix (pus-like matrix)

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2
Q

AKA for loose CTP

A

Areolar

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3
Q

Fibers are present & viable in this CTP

A

Elastic fibers

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4
Q

Present fibers in this CTP only if stained with silver nitrate

A

Reticular fibers

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5
Q

CTP that is most numerous & visible in all directions

A

Collagen fibers

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6
Q

Name 3 types of Fixed Cells

A

Fibrocytes (AKA: fibroblasts) produce pus-like matrix.
Adipose cells may be there, bound by reticular fibers.
Histiocytes function in phagocytosis.

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7
Q

2 Types of loose CTP Cells

A

Fixed cells

wandering cells

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8
Q

AKA for wandering cells

A

Mast cells

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9
Q

3 types of wandering cells produced?

A

Serotonin
Histamine
Heparin

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10
Q

In order, what are they- each type? (Sarotonin, histamine, heparin)

A

Vasoconstrictor
vasodialator,
anticoagulant

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11
Q

What do wandering cells do?

A

They are involved in shorter term events like tissue damage & infection; they go
to the site of damage, fix it & return.

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12
Q

Where do wandering cells exist?

A

White blood cells & plasma cells from blood.

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13
Q

What are the 3 locations where you can find wandering & fixed cells?

A
  1. mesentaries
  2. greater & lesser omenta (above & below stomach); omenta
    peritoneal veils connecting & supporting viscera.
  3. hypodermis (3rd later or skin)
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14
Q

What is the shape of collagen?

A

gel-like or ribbon-like

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15
Q

What is the shape of elastic? Is it thicker or thinner than collagen?

A

ribbon-like; thicker

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16
Q

What is the shape of reticular fibers?

A

twig or branch

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17
Q

. How is dense CTP different than loose CTP?

A

higher concentration of fibers

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of dense CTP called?

A

Dense regular & Dense irregular

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19
Q

Name the 3 characteristics of Dense Irregular CTP.

A
  1. Random arrangement of yellow collagen fibers; make up dermal layer.
  2. Purple fibrocytes visible.
  3. Found in dermis & under epithelium of urinary tract.
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20
Q

What does the arrangement of Dense Irregular CTP look like?

A

spaghetti with raisins

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21
Q

Name the 3 characteristics of Dense Regular CTP

A
  1. light yellow collagen fibers in dense, parallel bundles.
  2. fibrocytes visible.
  3. gives tensile strength to resist pulling.
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22
Q

Where is Dense Regular CTP found?

A

tendons & ligaments (ligaments: less-regular)

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23
Q

What does the arrangement of Dense Regular CTP look like?

A

thin purple streaks

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24
Q

Name the 4 types of CTP with special properties.

A
  1. yellow elastic CTP
  2. adipose CTP
  3. mucoid CTP
  4. reticular CTP
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25
``` MATCHING FOR CTP WITH SPECIAL PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 31. Greatest in number ```
D yellow Elastic CTP
26
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 32. “Branching patterns” ```
A
27
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 33. No fibrocytes visible ```
A
28
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 34. Function in energy storage & production ```
B
29
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 35. Wharten’s jelly (umbilical cord) ```
C
30
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 36. Dark fibers stained with silver nitrate (argyrophilic) ```
A
31
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 37. Cells look like stretched out, unorganized chicken wire (raspberry jam smears) ```
C
32
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 38. Regularly arranged cells with boundaries of reticular fibers ```
B
33
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 39. Found in ligamentum nuchae & flava ```
D
34
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 40. Vitreous humor of the eye ```
C
35
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 41. Found in large arteries ```
D
36
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 42. Found in lymphatic system (lymph node, spleen, liver, bone marrow) ```
A
37
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 43. Found in branchi, trachea ```
D
38
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 44. Red & white pulp cells, function in immunity. ```
A
39
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 45. Found in clitoris & penis ```
D
40
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 46. Looks like chicken wire ```
B
41
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 47. Pink collagen fibers in background ```
D
42
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 48. Found surrounding arteries & some veins. ```
D
43
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 49. Found everywhere except brain. ```
B
44
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 50. Sites for B & T Lymphocytes ```
A
45
``` PROPERTIES: A. RETICULAR CTP B. ADIPOSE CTP C. MUCOID CTP D. YELLOW ELASTIC CTP 51. Loses coloration at death. ```
D
46
What is the basic cell of cartilage?
chondrocyte (chondroblast)
47
What kind of matrix exists in cartilage?
gel-like
48
What are the 2 ways cartilage is different than other CT?
1. no nerves or blood vessels | 2. gets nutrients via matrix
49
What is the metaphor for what cartilage looks like?
peacock feather eyes
50
Name the 3 types of cartilage.
1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage
51
What is the one temporary cartilage called?
isogenous group
52
What are its characteristics? (isogenous group)
a temporary condition where 2 or more chondrocytes exist in 1 lacunae.
53
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 59. Contains 2 growth zones (2 answers) ```
A & B
54
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 60. Function is support & flexibility ```
B
55
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 61. Found at weight-bearing points ```
C
56
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 62. Can’t see collagen because not much & it’s embedded in gel. ```
A
57
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 63. No perichondrium ```
C
58
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 64. Collagen fibers almost cover chondrocytes ```
C
59
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 65. Transitional tissue between cartilage & CTP chondroctyes are found in lacunae ```
C
60
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 66. Only grows interstitially ```
C
61
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 67. Found in ear, epiglottis, Eustachian tube, eu-nose ```
B
62
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 68. Function is support ONLY. ```
A
63
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 69. Function is tough support & tensile strength. ```
C
64
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 70. Can see chondroctyes in their lacuna. ```
B
65
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 71. No appositional growth zone ```
C
66
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 72. Found in ventral ribs, tracheal rings, larynx, joint surfaces of bones ```
A
67
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 73. Found in IVD, pubic symphysis, tendon to bone attachments ```
C
68
``` MATCHING CARTILAGE A. HYALINE CARTILAGE B. ELASTIC CARTILAGE C. FIBROCARTILAGE 74. Christmas tree slide ```
B
69
75. What makes cartilage so unique?
no vessels, no nerves (remember: epithelial has no blood vessels. Cartilage takes it a step further with no nerves.
70
What is the most common type of cartilage?
hyaline
71
What are the 2 types of cartilage growth mechanisms?
appositional & interstitial
72
How do they grow? (appositional and interstitial)
appositional: layering, grows around interstitial interstitial: grows in 4 directions
73
Is the perichondrium layer interstitial or appositional?
appositional
74
Can you or can you not see the nucleus in mast cells (wandering cells)?
CANNOT.
75
What is the typical shape of mast cells?
large, round cells, but size & shape vary.
76
Name 5 examples of wandering cells.
macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells
77
How do wandering cells move?
move in & out of CT via the ground substance.
78
What type of cell is the 1st line of defense against microorganisms?
wandering cells
79
Where are mucous CT tissues mostly formed?
embryo mesenchymal cells
80
What type of CT offers: (TISSUE FUNCTION) a. mechanical support (2 answers) b. exchange of metabolites (2 answers) c. storage, energy reserves d. protection against infection e. repair after injury
. a. elastic or reticular b. blood, wandering cells c. adipose d. marcophages e. fibroblasts
81
Which CT element is most resistant?
reticular CTP
82
What are the 3 layers of skin?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
83
What is the outside layer made of? (skin)
stratified squamous
84
What is the middle layer made of? (skin)
dense irregular CTP
85
What is the inner layer made of?(skin)
dense regular CTP
86
What are the 5 steps of tissue preparation in order?
Fixation, Embedding, Sectioning, Staining, Mounting
87
How does bone differ from other tissues?
the extra-cellular component is calcified.
88
What does bone marrow produce?
blood
89
What are the 4 types of bone cells?
1. osteoprogenitor 2. osteoblasts 3. osteocyte 4. osteoclast
90
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 96. Builds lacuna ```
B
91
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 97. Howship's lacuna are wide and shallow-where they stay? ```
D
92
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 98. A Stem cell? ```
A
93
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 99. Capable of becoming a seed cell, producing more of itself (duplication) or can undergo differentiation (stem line). ```
A
94
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 100. Can make more stem cells or become osteoblasts by duplication. ```
A
95
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 101. Active matrix-forming cells. ```
B
96
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 102. Absorption/reabsorption. ```
D
97
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 103. Mature cell in a lacuna. ```
C
98
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 104. Bone breakdown. ```
D
99
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 105. Forms osteoblast. ```
A
100
``` MATCHING: BONE CELLS A. OSTEOPROGENITOR B. OSTEOBLAST C. OSTEOCYTE D. OSTEOCLAST 106. Resting/dormant cell. ```
C
101
What are the 2 types of bone?
compact, spongy
102
. What causes hypertrophy in bone
weight-bearing exercise
103
What is spongy bone also called?
cancellou
104
Which type of bone makes up most of the body?
spongy because lightweight
105
What is the cancellous material called & what does it not contain?
trabeculae; blood vessels
106
. Which type of bone does not have a Haversian system?
spongy
107
What is the purpose of trabecullae?
allows communication from 1 end of bone to other
108
Where is the only place that lamellae is located?
compact bone
109
What is the growth area of bone?
metaphysic
110
What is the periosteum’s function?
can form bone & mend bone (osteogenic potency)
111
What does not overlap with periosteum?
hyaline cartilage
112
What is the method called for bone to grow wider?
intramembraneous ossification with aide of periosteum
113
What is the method called for bone to grow longer?
hyaline cartilage: intercartilagenous ossification (endochondral ossification)
114
What are the 3 types of lamellae formation for compact bone?
haversian system, interstitial system, inner & outer circumferential
115
What is the formation of the Haversian system?
concentric rings/ ring formation
116
.What is the formation of the Interstitial lamella?
``` refractional lines (cementing)- irregular angles/fragments—fillers in hard bone ```
117
What are the 2 membranes that are not a part of compact?
endosteum (inside) & periosteum (outside)
118
How are the 3 lamellae patterns determined under a microscope?
by demarcating lines
119
What membrane is considered “the great healer of bone”?
periosteum
120
How many layers are there in the periosteum?
2
121
How much thicker is periosteum than endosteum?
10 times thicker
122
What is another name for sharpey’s fiber?
perforating fiber
123
Where is Sharpey’s fiber located?
coarse bundles of cartilage fibers that run from outer periosteum
124
What is the purpose of Sharpey's fiber
anchors periosteum to underlying bone & stitches tendons & ligaments to bone
125
What is Sharpey's fiber made of?
analogous to dense regular cartilage
126
Are periosteum & endosteum considered compact bone?
no
127
How many layers of cells is endosteum?
one
128
What type of tissue does endosteum look like?
simple squamous
129
Which canals run longitudinally? Transversely/Obliquely?
haversian; volkmann’s
130
How many vessels are in the Haversian canal sheath?
2 or 3 vessels
131
What is the purpose of Haversian canals?
have coniculli that allow the passage of food/nutrients
132
Do Haversian canals run the entire length of bone?
no
133
Where do canaliculi run? and why?
run from central canal to lamellae & from lamellae to lamellae, take nourishment to outlying lamella
134
What are fixed cells responsible for?
synthesis of both fiber & ground substance
135
What do fibroblasts look like?
nerve cells
136
Are fibroblasts common to all CT types?
yes
137
What’s the difference in shape of a fibroblast at rest & active?
resting-small nucleus, active- entire cell enlarged
138
What is smaller: a fibroblast or mesenchymal cell?
mesenchymal
139
What is believed to be the primitive cell?
mesenchymal
140
What are the 3 constituents of bone?
cells, fibers, ground substance
141
What is the epiphysis separated from the diaphysis by in bone?
epiphyseal plate (cartilaginous)
142
What is hyaline cartilage also called?
articular cartilage
143
What is the structure of spongy bone?
compound of lamellae with lacunae embedded in the interstitial substance
144
The inner layer of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts) are in direct contact with bone. What is this layer called?
cambian layer
145
Can osteoblasts revert to their previous form?
yes
146
what is it call when osteoblasts revert to their previous form?
osteo-progenitor cells (indistinguishable from CT cells)
147
If there is any injury, what happens?
reactivated to osteoblasts
148
Is blood a means of communication?
yes
149
Where do all blood cells come from?
red blood marrow
150
What’s the name for a red blood cell (RBC)? WBC?
erythrocyte; leukocyte
151
What % of the cytoplasm in RBCs is made of hemoglobin?
33%
152
What are the 2 purposes of RBCs?
transport and exchange gases
153
Which are not true cells & are enucleated?
RBCs
154
What is the shape of RBCs?
biconcave, disc-shaped, hollowed-out center. Makes greater surface area & function of cell.
155
RBC: What does the lateral aspect look like?
bone shape
156
RBC: SI aspect?
doughnut
157
What is the purpose of hemoglobin in RBC’s?
a protein specifically designated to combine O2
158
What gases do RBCs transport?
N, O, CO2, CO, O2, etc.
159
What type of blood cell is a true cell & has a nucleus?
leukocytes | 167.
160
What is the WBC involved with?
the immune system
161
What is the reticulo-endothelial system?
in WBCs, it is responsible for the removal of waste (byproducts in our bodies)
162
What do WBCs use for removal of waste in the body?
macrophages (all of them in the WBC)
163
What determines the type of WBC?
–presence or absence of granules, -shape of nucleus, -mononucleated vs polynucleated, -staining affinity
164
What are granular and nongranular also called?
granulocytes; mononuclear leukocytes
165
Name the 3 granular.
neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils
166
Name the 2 nongranular.
lymphocytes, monocytes
167
Where do granulations occur in WBCs?
cytoplasmic region
168
What % are neutrophils?
55-65%
169
Which WBC is the 1st line of defense?
neutrophil
170
How many lobes in its region?
3-5
171
What is the material strand that connects these lobes?
chromatin
172
What’s an AKA for neutrophils
polyporphs/polymorphic nuclei
173
How does neutrophil perform?
phagocytic for bacteria & particular matter
174
lifespan of a neutrophil in the blood
8-10 days
175
The longer it stays, the more _____ it gets.
"spots" - granulation
176
What do females have that males don’t?
the extra appendage on the nuclear lobes
177
What are the 3 specific granules of neutrophils in their cytoplasmic region?
1. primary/azorophillic granules 2. specific granules 3. heterophilic
178
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 185. Medium size ```
B
179
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 186. Has peroxidases & Hydrolases ```
A
180
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 187. Smallest ```
C
181
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 188. Large, electron-dense granules ```
A
182
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 189. Higher concentration of hydrolases ```
A
183
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 190. Phagocytin is an antibacterial substance. ```
B
184
``` MATCHING GRANULES: A. PRIMARY/AZOROPHILIC B. SPECIFIC C. HETEROPHILIC 191. Alkaline ```
B
185
What % are eosinophils?
1-3%
186
how many lobes does eosinophils have?
bilobed- 2.
187
what color granules? (eosonophil)
orange
188
How do lobes connect? (eosonophil)
chromatin- thin strand
189
lifespan? (eosonophil)
8-10 days
190
funchtions? (eosonophil)
phagocytize antibody-antigen complex
191
When do they increase in number in the body? (eosonophil)
during allergic reaction or parasitic infestations; are more due to chemotactic factors
192
Chemotactic factors produce what?
basophils & lymphocytes
193
. Chemotactic definition?
we know what the cell is doing, but until we can decide the msg being sent to cell, we use chemotactic.
194
What do eosinophils NOT contain?
phagocitin
195
What % basophils?
.5%
196
What does it look like? (basophils)
raspberry/blackberry- meta-chromatic granules cover nuclear region
197
Function? (basophils)
not clear, but believed to have chemotactic function because of 3 granules: 1. histamine- vaso-dilator, 2. serotonin- vaso-constrictor, 3. heparia- anti- coagulant
198
Lifespan? (basophils)
none specified
199
Function of platelets?
blood clotting
200
Are they thrombocytes? (platelets)
no
201
where do platelets come from?
large megakayocytes & are species specific
202
3 steps of blood clotting?
1. platelets & injured tissue cels make thromboplastin (enzyme) 2. thromboplastin mixes with prothrombin (made in liver- vitamin K) & uses Ca to ``` make thrombin (enzyme). 3. mixes with fibrinogen (in blood) to form fibrin (the clot). ```
203
. What do megakaryocytes undergo?
mitotic divisions
204
Megakaryocytes are not seen in blood smears, but where are they present?
red bone marrow
205
Which is the bigger agranular WBC?
monoctye; largest of ALL WBCs- 2 ½ times larger than RBC
206
Function? (monocyte)
2nd line of defense as a reserve force for bacteria invasion
207
how many lobes? (monocyte)
mononucleate (1 nucleus) with no lobes
208
What is the shape of the nuclei? (monocyte)
kidney bean- pale
209
lifespan? (monocyte)
1.5 days
210
Defensive role in what 2 things? (monocyte)
phagocytosis & intracellular digestion of microorganisms
211
Essential for processing of _______ prior to development of _______.
antigen; antibodies; give the antigens a “fingerprint” for future ID (the biggest- the bouncer)
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% of monocytes?
3-8%
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. % of lymphocytes?
20-35%
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. Unique feature to all WBCs?
mallest (nuclear region slightly larger than RBC)
215
Shape of cytoplasmic region? (lymphocytes)
quarter moon- takes up most of cytoplasm
216
2 categories? (lymphocytes)
B-lymphoctyes & T-lymphoctyes
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How classified? (lymphocytes)
background, lifespan & functional potential
218
Lifespan: B-lymphocytes?
days-weeks
219
Lifespan: T-lymphoctyes?
months-years
220
What does functional potential mean?
susceptibility to certain drugs
221
Which produces antibodies themselves? (b-lymph and T-lymph)
neither
222
Rest spot of T-lymphoctyes?
thymus
223
The T-lymph will either matriculate or proliferate until certain concentration is reached- then what takes place?
mitotic division to increase in number of t-lymphocytes
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Rest spot of B-lymphocytes?
ALL peripheral lymphoid tissue, but does not stop & goes directly to blood stream to get to these tissues.
225
What happens when antigens are present in B-lymphocytes?
they differentiate into plasma cells that synthesize antibodies
226
Where can the antigens go? 3 places.
1. blood stream 2. return to bone marrow 3. peripheral lymph organs
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Which can they live in for months to years?(antigens)
lymphoid organs
228
How can they help B cells? (antigens)
may provide additional stimulus for production of antibodies
229
What is hemopoesis?
blood cell formation
230
. What are the sites where blood cells are formed called?
hemopoeitic tissues or organs
231
What bones remain hemopoeitic? (2 of them)
flat bones & ends of long bones
232
Principal hemopoetic tissue in adult mammals?
red bone marrow
233
Name 5 more places. (hemopoetic tissue)
liver, spleen, blood vessels, lymph nodes, thymus
234
T or F: all bones start out hemopoeitic?
T
235
2 types of bone marrow?
yellow and red
236
What makes it yellow? (marrow)
adipose tissue as get older
237
4 bones that remain red (hemopoeitic)?
sternum, skull, ventral ends of ribs, vertebre
238
2 categories of blood cells according to origin
1. lymphoid elements 2. myeloid elements
239
Name 2 lymphoid elements.
mononuclear leukocytes (monoctyes & leukocytes)
240
Is there a globulation of the nuclear region in lymphoid? Lobes?
no, no
241
What blood cells formed from myelpoeisis?
all others
242
. Hemopoeisis in liver & spleen _______ as bone marrow becomes established as the major blood cell-forming organ during hemopoeisis in embryonic level?
decreases
243
3 phases of embryonic hemopoeisis?
1. yolk sac 2. liver & spleen 3. bone marrow
244
When does yolk sac emerge? Liver? Spleen? Bone marrow & lymph node?
2 wks; 6 wks to mid fetal period; 2-8 months
245
What are the 3 theores of hemopoeisis and cell lineages?
Unitarian or monophyletic; dualistic or diaphyletic, polyphyletic
246
Which theory of hemopoiesis & cell lineages is considered correct amongst histologists?
unitarian
247
In Unitarian, all blood cells arise from a common stem cell. What is this stem cell called?
hemocytoblast
248
Which 2 cells come from one stem cell (called the lymphoblast) in the dualistic theory?
monocytes & lymphocytes
249
Which dualistic blood cells are myeloblasts?
granular leukoctyes, RBCs & platelets
250
. What’s the theory of polyphyletic?
each type of blood cell has its own primitive stem cell
251
What were the 3 steps that were taken that supported the Unitarian theory as correct?
1. injected rats 2. spleen was test organ 3. CFU-GM proves the unitartian theory is correct
252
Stem cells have the capacity for what 2 things?
duplication & differentiation
253
What is right below the PHSC?
CFU-S
254
The CFU-S gives rise to what 4 things?
lymphoblast, CFU-B, CFU-GM, CFU-M
255
Where to protocytes come from?
CFU-GM
256
What is polyploidy state?
A unique form of cell division with karyokinesis (nuclear division) but cytoplasm does not divide… CFU-M.
257
The band form lets us decide if it is what? (3 things)
basophile, neutrophil, eosinophil
258
. If stem cell’s progeny are able to differentiate into several different types of mature blood cells, they are described as ________ ________ ______ ______.
pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSC)
259
The immediate progeny of a pluripotential stem cell that retain the capacity for self renewal, but are able to differentiate into only a single-cell type, are termed _________ ____ ____.
unipotential steam cells (or committed stem cells)
260
. Stem cells are detected and their several categories are distinguished by testing their developmental potential in a(n) ___ ____ or ___ ____ assay system.
in vivo or in vitro
261
. What are the stem cells designated CFU-S?
CFU-S—colony-forming units- spleen
262
If there are 2 or more blood cell types, what is the blood cell origin?
pluripotential stem cell (PHSC)
263
. If the progeny are all the erythrocyte lineage, they arose from what type of stem cell? What is its specific name?
unipotential stem cell… a colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E)
264
What if they belong to a megakaryoctye line?
they arose from a colony-forming unit-megakaryctye (CFU-M).
265
Other colonies contain both ______ and ______ and arise from a bipotential stem cell referred to as a colony forming unit-granulomonocyte (CFU-GM).
granulocytes & monocytes

Histology (2 decks)

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