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3)exchange and transport > mass transport systems in organisms > Flashcards

mass transport systems in organisms Flashcards

1
Q

how can small organisms exhange materials with their environment

A

diffusion

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2
Q

why can small organisms exchange through diffusion?

A

large surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

as organisms get larger they need specialised organs which maximise the exchange of materials by providing

A

a large surface area, short diffusion path and maintain concentration gradient

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4
Q

how do mammalian lungs maintain concentration gradient

A

blood circulation and ventilation of the lungs

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5
Q

how do fish gills maintain a concentration gradient

A

ventilation and countercurrent flow

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6
Q

how do plant leafs maintain a concentration gradient

A

Co 2 used by the cell in photosynthesis

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7
Q

how does the insect tracheal system maiantain a concentration gradient

A

oxygen used by respiring cells during respiration

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8
Q

mammals are endothermic what is meant by endothermic

A

mamels generate heat internally using respiration

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9
Q

what kind of circulatory system does a mammalian have?

A

double circulatory system

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10
Q

what is the double circulatory system composed of?

A

the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

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11
Q

where is haemoglobin found?

A

in red blood cells

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12
Q

what are the adaption s of the protein to carrying oxygen?

A

contains four iron ions which bind to oxygen

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13
Q

definition of haemoglobin?

A

its a globular protein with a quaternary structure containing 4 polypeptide chains and 4 ham groups

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14
Q

what is the role of haemoglobin

A

to transport oxygen in the blood to respiring cells

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15
Q

what is meant by the term partial pressure?

A

the higher the concentration of a gas in a solution the higher the partial pressure

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16
Q

what is meant by affinity?

A

if something has a high affinity for oxygen, it readily binds to oxygen/ the degree to which a substrate tends to bind to another

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17
Q

what happens to haemoglobin in areas of high partial pressure of oxygen (eg lungs)

A

haemoglobin affinity for oxygen increases. Haemoglobin binds to oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin. This is called loading

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18
Q

what happens to haemoglobin in areas of low partial pressure of oxygen (muscles)

A

haemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases. Haemoglobin dissociates with oxygen. This is unloading

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19
Q

what is the oxygen dissociation curve showing?

A

co-operative bindin

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20
Q

explain how the co-operative nature of oxygen binding to haemoglobin causes the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve:

A

1)due to co-operative binding of first oxygen is difficult due to unexposed harm groups (so relatively large increase in partial pressure of oxygen is needed to bind to bind the first oxygen)
2)when the first oxygen is bound, the tierchary structure changes, exposing the harm binding sites which means subsequent oxygen molecules can bind more easily (so very small increases in partial pressure greatly increase the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen)
3)when the third binds this further alter the tier chary structure and makes it more difficult o bind the last oxygen (so a very high partial pressure of oxygen is required so haemoglobin can find to the last fourth oxygen molecule)

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21
Q

when drawing the Bohr shift on to the graph you must

A

draw it shifting to the right and it must start and finish as the same as the other curve

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22
Q

describe what happens during the Bohr shift

A

1) as partial pressure C02 increases, haemoglobin affinity for oxygen decreases
2)this causes a shift to the right
3)this shows that there is more dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin at a given partial pressure
4)the reason why carbon dioxide reduces haemoglobins affinity for oxygen is because it makes the blood acidic which alters the tier chary structure of haemoglobin

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23
Q

foetal haemoglobin is shifted to the left of adult haemoglobin. Explain the advantage to the foetus

A

1)foetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
2)this causes a shift to the left
3)this shows that there is less dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin at a given partial pressure
4)this is an advantage as it means the foetus retains 02 at the placenta hone the mothers haemoglobin dissociates from it.

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24
Q

how have many animals adapted to their environment

A

by processing different types of haemoglobin with different oxygen transport properties

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25
Q

organisms with very high metabolic rate or who are very active

A

have haemoglobin with a lower affinity for oxygen (right shift) so ore oxygen dissociates at their respiring tissues

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26
Q

organisms that live in low oxygen environments, such as high altitude, deep sea down holes etc

A

have haemoglobin with high affinity for oxygen at low partial pressure (left shift) so they can load more oxygen at there gas exchange surface

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27
Q

describe the relationship between the size of the mammals and their oxygen dissociation curve

A

the larger mammals with have a higher affinity for oxygen so will have there dissociation curve further to the left

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28
Q

what is the role of the right hand side of the heart?

A

to receive deoxygenated blood and carry it to the lungs to be oxygenated

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29
Q

what is the role of the left hand side?

A

to receive oxygenated blood and carry it to the rest of the body respiring cells

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30
Q

what is meant by the term myogenic?

A

the stimulus for concentration orginates in the muscle itself and does not require nervous stimulation

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31
Q

what are the two upper chambers?

A

left and right atrium and they receive blood

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32
Q

what are the two lower chambers?

A

left and right ventricles. they send blood to the rest of the body and lungs

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33
Q

what is the role of the atrioventricular valves?

A

prevents the back flow and blood from

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34
Q

canary arteries

A

provides the cardiac muscle cells with glucose and oxygen to allow respiration to occur

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35
Q

what is the role of the septum?

A

prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing

36
Q

systole

A

contraction happening

37
Q

what are the valves found at the base of arteries? why is this an advantage?

A

semi-lunar valves presents blood flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries

38
Q

diastole

A

relaxation happening

39
Q

how long does the cardiac cycle last?

A

one minute over the length of the cardiac cycle

40
Q

atrial systole

A

1)the atria fill passively with blood from the vena cava/ pulmonary vein
2)the walls of the atria contract
3)the volume of the atria decreases the pressure increases
4)the pressure of the atria is greater than the ventricles, forcing the atrioventricular valves open
5)blood flows into the ventricles

41
Q

ventricular systole

A

1)the walls of the ventricles contract
2)the volume decreases, the pressure increases
3)the pressure in the ventricles is greater than in the pulmonary artery and aorta
4)the semi-lunar valves open and blood flows out of the heart

42
Q

diastole

A

1)during diastole the atria and ventricles relax
2)the atria passively fill with blood from vena cava and pulmonary veins
3)this is because the pressures higher in the veins than in the atria
4)semi-luna valves close because pressure in the aorta/pulmonary artery is higher than the pressure in the ventricles

43
Q

what is the cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood your heart pumps per minute

44
Q

how is the cardiac output calculated?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

45
Q

what is the stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle in each cardiac cycle

46
Q

heart is miogetic

A

doesn’t need stimulation from nervous system

47
Q

what is the role of the arteries?

A

carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to the organs

48
Q

features of arteries

A

thick elastic layer, folded smooth endothelium, thick muscle layer, thick outer layer of collagen

49
Q

what does the thick elastic layer in arteries do?

A

stretch to absorb pressure. recoil to maintain pressure during diastole which smooths blood flow and smooths pressure differences

50
Q

what does the folded and smooth endothelium in arteries do?

A

reduces friction with the blood which would reduce the flow rate

51
Q

what does the thick muscle layer in arteries do?

A

contracts to cause vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow to some organs and can relax to increase blood flow

52
Q

what does thick outer layers of collagen in arteries do?

A

strong, resists pressure and prevents splitting

53
Q

what are arterioles?

A

very small artery that leads to capillary. there function is control blood flow to capillaries to different organs

54
Q

what doe the walls of arterioles contain?

A

the same layers of the artery but the thickness of each is much less. the walls also contain muscles to contraction and relax to control blood flow through capillary beds

55
Q

arterioles and blood pressure

A

greatly decrease as blood passes through arterioles. they are sometimes called resistance ventricles

56
Q

capillaries walls

A

consist of a single layer of squamous endothelial cells, providing a short diffusion pathway between the blood and body tissues. have pores between cells making them highly permeable

57
Q

what is the diameter of capillaries

A

capillaries are the smallest of all blood vessels and are about 7-10um wide (same as blood cell). therefore the rate of blood flow is therefore much reduced in capillaries allowing more time for diffusion/exchange of substances. also all red blood cells are close to capillary wall reducing diffusion path

58
Q

what happens in the capillaries?

A

exchange of substances

59
Q

where are capillaries found?

A

all bisect, capillaries permeate tissues and no cells is far from a capillary

60
Q

ventricle

A

joins the capillary bed, connects to veins

61
Q

venules

A

drains the capillary bed, connects to veins

62
Q

veins walls compared to arteries?

A

the walls are much thinner, they have the same three layers but much thinner. by the time the blood enters a vein its pressure has dropped to a very low level. the low level means that there is no need for thick walls

63
Q

in veins the lumen is

A

wide

64
Q

what is the function of veins

A

to return blood to the heart

65
Q

blood is moved in veins by

A

1)muscle contraction putting pressure on veins moving blood along
2)hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid forces blood along the vein
3)valves prevent back flow

66
Q

why doe veins have valves?

A

to keep blood flowing in the right direction

67
Q

what valves do veins contain?

A

semi-lunar valves. these valves only open to allow blood to flow towards the heart and close to stop it falling back down again

68
Q

veins and leg muscles

A

many veins run very close to several leg muscles, whereas theses muscles contract this squeezes the veins on the legs and temporarily raises the pressure in them forcing the blood forward

69
Q

where does the exchange of materials with blood and cells occur?

A

the immediate environment for most cells is the tissue fluid . this is where the exchange of materials occur

70
Q

what is tissue fluid and what does it contain?

A

the cells of the body are bathed in fluid called tissue fluid which provides water, oxygen and other nutrients. Tissue fluid is constantly being formed at the artiole end of capillaries and reabsorbed at the venue end and via lacteals

71
Q

under what kind of hydrostatic pressure does the blood leave and return to the heart?

A

leaves-high (caused by contraction of the left ventricle)
returns-low (caused by fiction and movement through capillary beds)

72
Q

why are the walls of the capillaries permeable?

A

to allow exchange of substances with the tissue fluid/cells to allow the formation/ reabsorbtion of tissue fluid

73
Q

what does the capillaries being permeable allow to move out?

A

water, amino acids, glucose, dissolved gases and ions

74
Q

what molecules cannot pass out of the capillaries?

A

proteins and blood cells they are too big

75
Q

two factors that control the exchange of materials?

A

hydrostatic pressure-fluid at high pressure (in arteries) will flow towards and area of low pressure (tissue fluid)
water potential force-water tends to flow towards solutions with lower water potential

76
Q

formation of tissue fluid

A

1)contraction of left ventricle creates high hydrostatic pressure
2)water and dissolved substances are forced through capillaries endothelium forming tissue fluid. large molecules like protein and cells do not lead blood therefore decrease the water potential of the blood
3)substances in tissue fluid move down concentration gradient and diffuse into cells. C02 and waste products move down the concentration gradient and diffuse into tissue fluid
4)water potential is lower at the venue end of the capillary bed due to loss of water and retention of proteins water moves back into venue end of the capillary down water potential gradient via osmosis. hydrostatic pressure is low at the venue end due to loss of volume and friction which endothelium so water is no longer force out thus inward movement of water
5) excess tissue fluid drains into lymph vessel to form lymph. lymphatic system returns the lymph to the blood

77
Q

what is a lymph and where is it found?

A

lymph is a fluid containing white blood cells, lipids and excess tissue fluid. it is carried by lymphatic vessels. lymph eventually enters blood

78
Q

what is cardiovascular disease?

A

any disease involving cardiovascular system

79
Q

what is an atheroma and what happens as a result of the formation?

A

1)damage to the artery endothelium occurs
2)fatty deposits accumulate
3)the lumen becomes narrow
4)blood flow is restricted
5)if this occurs in the coronary arteries a heart attack can occur

80
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

blood clot. bits can break off and block smaller vessels downstream

81
Q

what is aneurysm?

A

a part of the artery wall becomes damaged and weakened. a bulge develops that may eventually burst

82
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

heart attack

83
Q

what happens to the heart tissue as a result of myocardial infarction?

A

the muscle tissue is starved of oxygen so cannot respire and cannot contract

84
Q

risk factors in cardiovascular disease

A

smoking (smoke contains chemicals which cause damage to blood vessels starting the process of atherosclerosis. nicotine increases blood pressure which increases the chance of vessel damage) obesity (increased blood lipids increasing the risk of atherosclerosis) high blood pressure (increased risk of vessel damage) high cholesterol (increased blood lipids increasing the risk of atherosclerosis)

85
Q

treatment of cardiovascular disease

A

1)stents 2)satins to Lower cholesterol 3)diet and exercise 4)blood thinners

3)exchange and transport (4 decks)

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