Mass Transport in mammals

Question 1

How does concentration of oxygen link to partial pressure?
how does partial pressure link to oxygen affinity?
when and where is affinity high? what’s the name of this process?
when and where is affinity low?

Answer 1

increase concentration- increased partial pressure
increased partial pressure- increased affinity
high in the lungs when oxygen binds tightly to haemoglobin- loading
affinity is low at respiring tissues- oxygen is unloaded at tissues

Question 2

what is cooperative binding?

what is the Bohr effect?

Answer 2

haemoglobin changes shape after the first oxygen binds- makes it easier for more oxygen to bind

CO2 dissolves in blood forming carbonic acid- lowers pH
changes tertiary structure of haemoglobin- lowers affinity for oxygen- dissociates at respiring tissues

Question 3

animals in areas with low pp of oxygen-(mountains)- what is the affniity? shifted to left or right?

animals with faster metabolism- shifted to left or right? affinity? why?

Answer 3

high affinity, less readily unloaded- left

right- lower affinity for oxygen, more readily unloaded- needs more oxygen for respiration

Question 4

closed double circulatory system meaning:

benefits of double circulatory system

Answer 4

closed: blood remains in blood vessels
double: blood passes through heart twice in one circuit

allows high pressure to be maintained
single system wont work- large surface area of lung capillaries would decrease pressure so less oxygenated blood is delivered to tissues.

Question 5

which vessel takes deoxygenated blood to the heart?
which vessel takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
which vessel takes oxygenated blood to the heart?
which vessel takes blood to the body?

Answer 5

blood to heart: vena cava
blood to lungs: pulmonary artery
blood to heart: pulmonary vein
blood to body: aorta

Question 6

Hepatic and Renal- which ones which?

Answer 6

hepatic- liver

renal-kidneys

Question 7

describe cardiac diastole:

Answer 7

atria and ventricles relax- blood enters atria
pressure rises- greater in atria than ventricles- AV valves open
blood enters ventricles down pressure gradient

Question 8

describe atrial systole:

Answer 8

atria contract- increase pressure in atria greater than ventricles- force remaining blood into ventricles

Question 9

describe ventricular systole:

Answer 9

ventricles contract- increased pressure inside ventricles more than atria- AV valves close

                           - increased pressure inside ventricles than aorta and pulmonary artery- semi lunar valves open - blood leaves ventricle into arteries down pressure gradient

Question 10

cardiac muscle:

Answer 10

myogenic- can contract and relax without nervous or hormonal stimulation

Question 11

Arteries:
muscle
elastic layer
wall thickness
lumen size

Answer 11

muscle- thick so constriction and dilation can occur to control volume of blood

elastic layer- thick so can stretch and recoil to maintain pressure

wall thickness- thick to prevent bursting due to high pressure

small lumen

Question 12

arterioles: purpose
muscle
elastic
wall

Answer 12

thicker muscle than arteries- to restrict blood flow into capillaries
elastic: thinner than arteries as pressure is lower
wall- thinner as pressure is lower

Question 13

veins:
muscle
elastic
wall
what else do it have?

Answer 13

muscle: thin- cannot control blood flow
elastic- thin- low pressure
wall: thin- low pressure
lumen: large
valves- low pressure- prevent backflow

Question 14

Capillaries: 
muscle
elastic
wall
lumen
adaptation

Answer 14

none
none
wall: one cell thick- short diffusion distance between capillary and alveoli for gas exchange/ for cells
lumen: small- red blood cells can only fit one at a time- gives more time for gas exchange between blood and cells
can form capillary beds which have a narrow diameter

Question 15

what is tissue fluid?

Answer 15

fluid containing water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions, and oxygen which bathes the tissues

Question 16

formation of tissue fluid:

Answer 16

blood enters capillaries from arterioles at high hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end
water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions, and oxygen are forced out- this is the tissue fluid- ultrafiltration.
red blood cells, platelets and proteins remain in capillary- lower water potential
low hydrostatic pressure at venule end- water enters by osmosis into capillaries
remaining tissue fluid absorbed into the lymphatic system and eventually drains back into the blood stream

Question 17

cardiac output=

Answer 17

heart rate x stroke volume