Mass transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the structure of the heart?

A
  • Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle.
  • tricuspid valve , bicupid valve (between atrium and ventricles)
  • semilunar valve is between the left ventricle and aorta
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
  • superior and inferior vena cava
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2
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastole

  • The atria and ventricular muscles are relaxed
  • blood enters the atria via the pulmonary veins and the vena cava
  • the blood flowing into the atria increases the pressure within the atria

Atrial systole

  • The atria muscular walls contracts, increasing the pressure further
  • this causes the atrioventricular valves to open and blood to flow into the ventricles
  • the ventricular muscular walls are relaxed (ventricular diastole)

Ventricular systole

  • after a short delay, the ventricle muscular walls contract, increasing the pressure beyond that of the atria
  • this causes the atrioventricular valves to close and the semi-lunar valves to open
  • the blood is pushed out of the ventricles into the arteries (pulmonary aorta)
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3
Q

Describe diastole?

A
  • atria and ventricular muscles relaxed
  • blood enters the atria via the pulmonary veins and the vena cava
  • blood flowing into the atria slightly increases pressure of the atria
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4
Q

Describe atrial systole?

A
  • atria contracts increasing the pressure in the atria further, causing the atrioventricular to open
  • this causes blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles
  • ventricular muscles are relaxed
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5
Q

Describe ventricular systole?

A
  • after a slight delay, the ventricular muscles contracts, increasing the pressure greater than the atria causing the atrioventricular valves to close
  • the semilunar valves open causing blood to be pushed out of the ventricles into the aorta/pulmonary arteries
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6
Q

Job of valves in heart?

A
  • Ensure one way flow of blood, no backflow
  • (blood flows from atria to ventricles to arteries)
  • 2 sets of valves: Atrio-ventricular Valve & Semi-lunar Valve
  • AV valve = between atria and ventricles
  • SL valve = between ventricles and arteries
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7
Q

When are AV valves open or closed?

A
  • Open = pressure in atria greater then pressure in ventricles,
  • Closed = pressure in ventricles greater then pressure in atria
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8
Q

When are SL valves open or closed?

A
  • Open = pressure in ventricles greater than the pressure in arteries,
  • Closed = pressure in arteries greater than the pressure in ventricles
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9
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output?

A
  • Cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

stroke volume = volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat

heart rate = number of beats per minute

Cardiac Output = volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

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10
Q

Coronary Heart Disease and Myocardial Infarction?

A
  • high blood pressure damages the lining of the coronary artery
  • fatty deposits/cholesterol builds up beneath the lining, in the wall = Atheroma
  • the atheroma breaks thru the lining forming an Atheromatous Plaque on the lining, in the lumen
  • this causes turbulent blood flow
  • a blood clot (thrombus) forms
  • this block the coronary artery
  • therefore less blood flow to the heart muscle
  • less glucose and oxygen delivered
  • the heart muscle cannot respire
  • so it dies (myocardial infarction)
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11
Q

Risk Factors of CHD?

A
  • Age, gender, ethnicity
  • Saturated fats (increases LDL, LDL deposits cholesterol in the arteries to form atheroma)
  • Salts (increases blood pressure – lowers water potential of the blood so it holds the water)
  • Smoking (nicotine = increase HR and makes platelets more sticky – blood clot, carbon monoxide = permanently blocks haemoglobin)
  • Obesity and Lack of Exercise
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12
Q

Arteries?

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
  • Their walls are thick and muscular and have elastic tissue to stretch and recoil as the heartbeats, to maintain the high pressure
  • the inner lining (endothelium) is folded, allowing the artery to stretch and maintains the high blood pressure
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13
Q

Arterioles?

A

.

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14
Q

Veins?

A

.

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15
Q

Capillaries?

A

.

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