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AQA A-Level Biology Year 1 > Mass Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

liquid plasma and cells

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

transports dissolved glucose, amino acids, urea, ions and hormones

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3
Q

What are the majority of the cells in the blood?

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

What are the other type of cells in the blood?

A

white blood cells- invloved in the immune response

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5
Q

Why are the porportions of the comonents of the blood important?

A

there has to be enough plasma for the blood to flow, a small decrease and the blood becomes viscous and the heart has to pump harder.

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6
Q

What is the human heart?

A

The double pump of the double circulatory system (blood passes throught the heart twice)

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7
Q

What are arteries?

And what are their properties?

A

Take blood away from the heart.

Thick, flexible walls

inside wall- flattened cells to reduce friction

Middle wall- muscle cells and elastic fibres

outside- layer of tough protein fibres.

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8
Q

What are veins and their properties?

A

Take blood to the heart.

Thinner walls

Lower blood pressure

valves

wider lumen

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9
Q

What are capillaries?

A

8 micrometres in diameter

larger SA

Short diffusion distance

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10
Q

Which vessels enter the heart?

A

vena cava

pulmonary vein

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11
Q

Which vessels leave the heart?

A

pulmonary artery

aorta

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12
Q

Which vessels enter the kidney and which leaves?

A

enters- renal artery

leaves- renal vein

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13
Q

What are the location and function of the coronary arteries?

A

wrap around the outside of the heart.

sends blood flow to the heart.

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14
Q

What is cardiac muscle consisted of?

A

branced myofibrils separated by intercalated discs

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15
Q

What is heart rate?

A

the number of cardiac cycles per minute

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16
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle.

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17
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out to the body per minute.

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18
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

any condition that interferes with the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle

occurs when they become blocked by fatty diposits.

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19
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

the sequence of stages that happen during one heartbeat

20
Q

What is systole?

A

the stage in the cardiac cycle when the muscles of the heart chambers are contracting

21
Q

What is diastole?

A

the relaxation of the muscles

22
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial systole

Ventricular systole

Diastole

23
Q

What happens during the artial systole stage?

A

atrial msucle contracts

blood forced through the atrioventricular valves into ventricles

24
Q

What happens during the ventricular systole stage?

A

ventricle muscles contract

blood forced throuhh valves into arteries

25
Q

What happens during the diastole stage?

A

muscles of the ventricle relax

26
Q

What does contraction of the muscles cause?

A

walls of ventricles create pressure, higher of that in the aorta and pulmonary artery, forcing open the valves.

27
Q

What does relaxation of the ventricle muscles cause?

A

walls recoil, increases volume, reduces pressure and semi-lunar valves shut

28
Q

How does blood flow back to the atria?

A

At a much lower pressure, walls relaxed, as atria fill, some blood passes through the valves, as they fill more, the walls contract and forces valves fully open

29
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

superior and inferior

Brings blood back from the body

30
Q

What is the aorta?

A

carriers blood from heart to around the body

31
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

carries blood from the heart to the lungs

32
Q

What are the pulmonary veins?

A

returns blood from the lungs

33
Q

What are the semi-lunar valves?

A

Prevent backflow into the ventricles as blood leaves the heart, e.g. the aortic valve

34
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid on right side of heart

Bicuspid on left side of heart

-Prevent backflow into atria.

35
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Wrap around the outside of the heart.

Sends blood to the heart muscle

36
Q

How to calculate cardiac output?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

37
Q

What does myogenic mean?

A

myogenic muscle can generate its own contraction and does not need to be stiumlated by a nerve.

Caused by the atrioventricular and sinoatrial node

38
Q

What does an ECG measure?

A

electrical change

39
Q

what does an ECG look like

A

first small bump- atria depolarising, then av node delyaed, then the sharp rise is the ventricles depolarising, then the next bump is the ventricles repolarising.

40
Q

How is blood adapted to transport oxygen?

A

small size - 7 micrometres, reduces diffusion distance

flattened disc shape- increases SA:V ratio and short diffusion pathway

Thin central part of disc- flexible, edges scrape on walls of cappilairy

absence of organelles- maximum space for haemoglobin

haemoglobin - increases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood

41
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

4 polypeptides (globins) with a haem group

Haem contains iron ion (Fe2+)

42
Q

What is oxyhaemoglobin?

A

When each haemoglobin combines with a maximum of four molecules of oxygen - 100% saturated if all have combined.

43
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

s - shaped

shows how much oxygen is combined at different partial pressures of oxygen

44
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

How much oxygen is available to haemoglobin

45
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

where haemoglobin molecules change shape and load with oxygen more easily once the first oxygen has combined.

makes the s shape

46
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

change in position of the dissocaition curve due to an increased concentartion of CO2

occurs in active muscles

AQA A-Level Biology Year 1 (6 decks)

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