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AS Biology > Mass Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the haemoglobin?

A

A group of chemically similar molecules found in many different organisms
- it’s a protein w/ a quarternary structure

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2
Q

Role of Haemoglobin?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs around the body

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3
Q

What is a haem group?

A
  • prosthetic group that’s attached to the protein

- it contain an iron ion

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4
Q

Each polypeptide chain in a haemoglobin molecule has what?

A

A haem group

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5
Q

What makes haemoglobin red?

A

Iron Ion (Fe+)

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6
Q

Explain disassociation

A

When red blood cells reach tissue in body (e.g. muscle cells) & oxygen is released from Oxyhaemoglobin

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7
Q

Explain association

A

When oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form an oxyhemoglobin

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8
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart & into arterioles

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9
Q

What are arterioles?

A

blood vessels that are smaller arteries

- control blood flow from arteries to capillaries

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10
Q

What are capillaries?

A

tiny blood vessels that link arterioles to veins

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11
Q

What are veins?

A

blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries back to heart

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12
Q

Describe the basic layered structure of arteries, arterioles and veins from outside inwards

A 
Tough fibrous outer layer (resists pressure changes from outside & within)
Muscle layer (contract & so control the flow of blood)
Elastic layer (helps maintain blood pressure by recoiling)
Endothelium (smooth to reduce friction & thin to allow diffusion)
Lumen (NOT a layer) central cavity of blood vessel through which blood flows
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13
Q

Function of the artery?

A
  • to transport blood rapidly under high pressure from heart to tissue
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14
Q

Structure of artery?

A
  • muscle layer thick compared to veins
  • no valves (except in arteries leaving heart)
  • overall thick wall
  • elastic layer thick compared to veins
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15
Q

How does a thick muscle layer make the artery related to its function?

A
  • means smaller arteries can be constricted & dilated to control volume of blood passing through them
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16
Q

Why does the artery have no valves?

A
  • blood is under high pressure due to heart pumping blood into arteries therefore tends not to flow backwards
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17
Q

How does a thick wall make the artery related to its function?

A

resists vessel bursting under high pressure

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18
Q

How does a thicker elastic layer than veins make the artery related to its function?

A
  • because it’s important blood pressure in arteries is kept high so blood can reach extremities of the body
  • elastic wall stretched at each beat of the heart (systole) then springs back & relaxes (diastole) like an elastic band
  • stretching & recoil action helps maintain high pressure & smooth pressure surges created by beating of the heart
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19
Q

What is the endothelium?

A
  • cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
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20
Q

What is the function of the arterioles?

A
  • carry blood, at low pressure from arteries to capillaries, they also control blood flow between them
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21
Q

Structure of the arterioles?

A
  • muscle layer thicker than in arteries

- elastic layer thinner than in arteries

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22
Q

How does a thin elastic layer make arterioles related to their function?

A
  • because blood pressure is low
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23
Q

How does a thick muscle layer make arteriole related to its function?

A
  • contraction of muscle layer allows constriction of the lumen of the arteriole
  • this restricts the blood flow & so controls its movement into capillaries that supply the tissues with blood
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24
Q

Function of veins?

A
  • transport blood slowly, under low pressure from capillaries in tissues to heart
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25
Q

Structure of the veins

A
  • muscle layer thin (compared to arteries)
  • elastic layer thin (compared to arteries)
  • overall thickness of wall small
  • valves at intervals throughout
26
Q

How does a thin muscle layer make veins related to their function?

A
  • veins carry blood away from tissues and therefore their constriction & dilation cannot control flow of blood to tissues
27
Q

How does a thin elastic layer make veins related to their function?

A
  • because low pressure of blood within the veins won’t cause them to burst & pressure is too low to create recoil action
28
Q

How does a small thickness of walls make veins related to their function?

A
  • no need for thick walls because pressure in veins too low to cause bursting
  • allows them to be flattened easily, aiding blood flow within them
29
Q

How do valves at intervals throughout make the veins related to their function?

A
  • to ensure blood doesn’t flow backwards, which it could because pressure is low
  • when body muscles contract, veins are compressed, pressurising blood within them
  • valves ensure pressure directs blood in 1 direction: to the heart
30
Q

Function of capillaries?

A
  • exchange metabolic material (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide & glucose) between blood & cells of the body
  • flow of blood in capillaries is much slower (allows more time for the exchange of material)
31
Q

How does walls consisting mainly of lining layer make the capillary related to its function?

A
  • extremely thin so DD is short

- allows for rapid diffusion of materials between blood and cells

32
Q

How does a narrow lumen make the structure of the capillaries well-related to their functions?

A
  • so that red blood cells are squeezed flat against side of capillary
  • brings them closer to the cells to which they supply oxygen. Reduces DD.
33
Q

How does being numerous and highly branched make the capillary related to its function?

A
  • provides a large SA for exchange
34
Q

How does a narrow diameter make the capillary related to its function?

A
  • so permeate tissues

no cells are far from capillary & there’s a short DD

35
Q

How does no spaces between endothelial cells make the capillary related to its function?

A
  • allows WBCs to escape to deal with infections within tissues
36
Q

What is association?

A

Oxygen binds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

37
Q

What kind of protein is a haemoglobin?

A
  • made up of 4 different polypeptide chains

- gives it a quarternary structure

38
Q

Define affinity and its role in forming the oxyhaemoglobin

A
  • attraction
  • haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
  • when RBC reaches lungs, oxygen diffuses into RBC & binds to haemoglobin
  • four molecules of O2 bind to 1 of haemoglobin
  • oxyhaemoglobin formed
39
Q

What is oxygen partial pressure?

A

pO2

- conc of oxygen in cells

40
Q

What is carbon dioxide partial pressure?

A

pCO2

- conc of carbon dioxide in cells

41
Q

What does high pO2 mean?

A
  • means haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen & oxygen binds to haemoglobin
42
Q

What does a low pO2 mean?

A
  • means haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen & oxygen disassociates from haemoglobin
43
Q

Effect of oxygen partial pressure on the affinity of haemoglobin?

A
  • allows oxygen to be transported to cells it’s needed most

- from lungs (high conc) to respiring tissues (where it’s limited)

44
Q

Adaptation of haemoglobin of animals at HIGH ALTITUDES

A
  • their haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen

- because air at higher altitudes have much lower oxygen partial pressure of oxygen than at sea level

45
Q

Adaptation of haemoglobin of animals with HIGH METABOLIC RATES

A
  • have haemoglobin that dissociates from oxygen easily

- allows oxygen to be quickly and easily supplied to cells for use in respiration

46
Q

Shape of curve on graph with the relationship between % saturation of haemoglobin & oxygen partial pressure of surrounding tissue

A

S-shaped

47
Q

Name of curve on graph showing the relationship between % saturation of haemoglobin & oxygen partial pressure of surrounding tissue

A

Dissociation curve

48
Q

Explain the dissociation curve

A

Low pO2 - when oxygen partial pressure is low haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen. % saturation low because O2 dissociates from haemoglobin

Increasing pO2 - affinity of haemoglobin for O2 increases slightly. When 1st molecule of O2 binds to haemoglobin, the protein undergoes a CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE
(Change in shape allows other O2 to bind more easily, % saturation of haemoglobin increases quickly)

Plateau in % saturation
- as more O2 molecules bind to haemoglobin, it becomes more difficult for O2 molecules to bind

49
Q

What way does dissociation curve shift at higher affinity levels?

A

Left

50
Q

What way does dissociation curve shift at lower affinity levels?

A

Right

51
Q

What is the bohr effect?

A

the pCO2 also influences affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

52
Q

Partial pressures of respiring cells?

A
  • use O2 in respiration so have low O2 & produce CO2 so have high CO2
53
Q

What happens when pCO2 is high?

A

rate of oxygen dissociation increases

54
Q

What does increased dissociation of oxygen do to oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A
  • shift to right which means oxygen will dissociate from haemoglobin at lower oxygen partial pressure than normal
55
Q

Complex multicelluar organisms require what?

A

specialised system for transporting nutrients throughout their bodies & removing waste products

56
Q

Heart is where in the circulatory system?

A

The CENTRE

57
Q

Mammals have what kind of circulatory system?

A

A double circulatory system (Blood flows through heart twice in 1 circuit)

58
Q

describe the advantage of the bohr effect during intense exercise [2 Marks]

A
  • increases dissociation/unloading of oxygen

- for aerobic respiration at tissues/muscles/cells

59
Q

explain the importance of elastic fibres in the wall of the aorta [2 Marks]

A
  • allows for recoil/stretch to smooth blood flow/maintain high blood pressure
60
Q

Explain the importance of muscle fibres in the wall of an arteriole

A
  • muscle contracts

- reduces/regulates blood flow (to capillaries)

61
Q

Efficient exchange of substances in the capillaries is linked to the rate of blood flow. Explain how

A
  • more time for exchange of substances

AS Biology (9 decks)

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