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Biology - Unit 3 > Mass Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Mass Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Haemoglobin - Binding of one molecule of oxygen
to haemoglobin makes it easier for a second oxygen
molecule to bind. Explain why (2)

A
  1. Binding of first oxygen changes tertiary /
    quaternary (structure) of haemoglobin;
    Ignore ref. to ‘positive cooperativity’ unqualified
    Ignore ref. to named bonds
    Accept conformational shift caused
  2. Creates / leads to / uncovers second / another
    binding site
    OR
    Uncovers another iron / Fe / haem group to bind to;
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2
Q

Haemoglobin - Explain how changes in the shape of
haemoglobin result in the S-shaped (sigmoid)
oxyhaemoglobindissociation curve (2)

A
  1. First oxygen binds (to Hb) causing change in shape;
  2. (Shape change of Hb) allows more O2 to bind (easily)
    / greater saturation with O2
    OR
    Cooperative binding;
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3
Q

Haemoglobin - Haemoglobin is a
protein with a quaternary structure.
Explain the meaning of quaternary structure (1).

A

(Molecule contains) more than one polypeptide (chain)

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4
Q

Haemoglobin - Describe the advantage of the
Bohr effect during intense exercise. (2)

A
  1. Increases dissociation of oxygen;
    Accept unloading/ release/reduced affinity for dissociation
  2. For aerobic respiration at the tissues/muscles/cells
    OR
    Anaerobic respiration delayed at the
    tissues/muscles/cells
    OR
    Less lactate at the tissues/muscles/cells;
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5
Q

Haemoglobin - Describe and explain the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentration on the dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin (2)

A
  1. Increases/more oxygen dissociation/unloading
    OR
    Deceases haemoglobin’s affinity for O2;
    Accept more readily
    Accept releases more O2
  2. (By) decreasing (blood) pH/increasing acidity;
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6
Q

Haemoglobin – why curve shifts left when diving (2)

A
  1. High(er) affinity for O2 (than haemoglobin)
    OR
    Dissociates oxygen less readily
    OR
    Associates more readily;
    Accept holds O2 at lower ppO2
  2. Allows (aerobic) respiration when diving/at low(er)
    pO2
    OR
    Provides oxygen when haemoglobin unloaded
    OR
    Delays anaerobic respiration/lactate production;
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7
Q

Haemoglobin –
Animals living at high altitudes shift to left (3)

A
  1. high altitudes have a low partial pressure of O2;
  2. high saturation/affinity of Hb with O2 (at low partial pressure O2);
  3. sufficient/enough O2 supplied to respiring cells /
    tissues;
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8
Q

Haemoglobin – why small animals have
curved to the right (2)

A
  1. Mouse haemoglobin/Hb has a lower affinity for
    oxygen
    OR
    For the same pO2 the mouse haemoglobin/Hb is less
    saturated
    OR
    At oxygen concentrations found in tissue
    mouse haemoglobin/Hb is less saturated;
    For ‘Hb is less saturated’ accept ‘less oxygen will be
    bound to Hb’.
  2. More oxygen can be dissociated/released unloaded (for metabolic reactions/respiration);
    Accept ‘oxygen
    dissociated/released/unloaded more readily/easily/quickly
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9
Q

Haemoglobin – why curve to the right for
more active animals (4)

A
  1. Curve to the right so lower affinity / % saturation
    (of haemoglobin);
  2. Haemoglobin unloads / dissociates more readily;
  3. More oxygen to cells / tissues / muscles;
  4. For greater / more / faster respiration;
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10
Q

Heart & circulation – dissection -
three control measures thestudent must use to
reduce the risks associated with carrying and using a scalpel

A
  1. Carry with blade protected / in tray
  2. Cut away from body;
  3. Cut onto hard surface;
  4. Use sharp blade;
  5. Dispose of used scalpel (blade) as instructed;
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11
Q

Heart & circulation – dissection
Control measures when packing away (2)

A
  1. Carry/wash sharp instruments by holding handle
    OR
    Carry/wash sharp instruments by pointing away (from body)/down;
    Accept for ‘instruments’, a suitable named example, eg. scalpel
  2. Disinfect instruments/surfaces;
    Accept for ‘instruments’, a suitable named example, eg. scalpel
    Accept for ‘disinfect’, sanitise OR use antiseptic
  3. Disinfect hands
    OR
    Wash hands with soap (and water);
    Accept for ‘disinfect’, sanitise OR use antiseptic
  4. Put organ/gloves/paper towels in a (separate)
    bag/bin/tray to dispose;
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12
Q

Heart & circulation - Give the pathway a red blood cell takes when travelling in the human circulatory system from a kidney to the lungs. (3)

A
  1. Renal vein;
  2. Vena cava to right atrium;
  3. Right ventricle to pulmonary artery;
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13
Q

Heart & circulation -
Name the blood vessels that carry blood to the
heart muscle. (1)

A

Coronary arteries;

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14
Q

Heart & circulation -
Calculate Cardiac Output (1)

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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15
Q

Heart & circulation –
what causes the semi- lunar valve to close (1)

A

Because pressure in aorta higher than in ventricle;

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16
Q

Heart & circulation – explain how the atrioventricular valve is closed (2)

A
  1. ventricle contracts and volume decreases
  2. pressure (ventricle) increases so higher than pressure of left atrium;
17
Q

Heart & circulation -
Explain how an arteriole can reduce the blood flow into capillaries. (2)

A
  1. Muscle contracts;
  2. Constricts/narrows arteriole/lumen;
18
Q

Heart & circulation -
Artery – Structure and Function (5)

A
  1. Elastic tissue to allow stretching/recoil/ smooths out flow of blood/maintains pressure;
  2. (Elastic tissue) stretches when ventricles contract OR
    Recoils when ventricle relaxes;
  3. Muscle for contraction/vasoconstriction;
  4. Thick wall withstands pressure
  5. Smooth endothelium reduces friction;
19
Q

Heart & circulation -
Explain four ways in which the structure
of the aorta is related to its function.

A
  1. Elastic tissue to allow stretching / recoil /
    smoothes out flow of blood / maintains pressure;
  2. (Elastic tissue) stretches when ventricles contract
    OR
    Recoils when ventricle relaxes;
  3. Muscle for contraction / vasoconstriction;
  4. Thick wall withstands pressure
  5. Smooth endothelium reduces friction;
  6. Aortic valve / semi-lunar valve prevents backflow.
20
Q

Heart & circulation Fish – describe type of circulation in fish (2)

A
  1. Single circulatory system
    2 chambers/1 ventricle1 atrium
  2. One vein carrying blood towards the heart/ One artery carrying blood away
21
Q

Tissue fluid - Explain how water from tissue fluid is returned to the circulatory system (4)

A
  1. (Plasma) proteins remain;
    Accept albumin/globulins/fibrinogen for (plasma) protein
  2. (Creates) water potential gradient
    OR
    Reduces water potential (of blood);
  3. Water moves (to blood) by osmosis;
  4. Returns (to blood) by lymphatic system;
22
Q

Tissue fluid - Explain the role of the heart
in the formation of tissue fluid. (2)

A
  1. Contraction of ventricle(s) produces high blood /
    hydrostatic pressure;
  2. (This) forces water (and some dissolved
    substances) out (of blood capillaries);
23
Q

Tissue fluid - High absorption of salt from the diet can result in a higher than normal concentration of salt in the blood plasma entering capillaries. This can lead to a build-up of tissue fluid. Explain how (4)

A
  1. (Higher salt) results in lower water potential of
    tissue fluid;
  2. (So) less water returns to capillary by osmosis (at
    venule end);
  3. (Higher salt) results in higher blood pressure /
    volume;
  4. (So) more fluid pushed / forced out (at arteriole
    end) of capillary;
24
Q

Tissue fluid - High blood pressure
leads to an accumulation of tissue fluid. Explain
how (2)

A
  1. High blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure;
  2. Increases outward pressure from (arterial) end of
    capillary / reduces inward pressure at (venule) end of
    capillary;
  3. (So) more tissue fluid formed / less tissue fluid is
    reabsorbed.
25
Q

Tissue fluid -
Formation and reabsorption (8)

A
  1. At arteriole end high hydrostatic pressure/blood
    pressure;
  2. Hydrostatic pressure higher than effect of osmosis;
  3. Small molecules/named example eg glucose; water
  4. Forces out;
  5. Proteins remain in blood/ not removed as they are too large to leave capillary;
  6. Increasing/giving higher concentration of blood
    proteins so proteins lower water potential of blood;
  7. Water/fluid moves back into blood;
  8. Water moves by osmosis

Biology - Unit 3 (5 decks)

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