Mass Transport In Animals

Question 1

what are haemoglobins?

Answer 1

group of chemically similar molecules found in many different organisms

Question 2

what is haemoglobin?

Answer 2

globular protein with a quaternary structure

Question 3

where does the pulmonary artery carry blood from and to?

Answer 3

from the heart to the lungs

Question 4

where does the pulmonary vein carry blood from and to?

Answer 4

from the lungs to the heart

Question 5

where does the aorta carry blood from and to?

Answer 5

from the heart to the body

Question 6

where does the vena cava carry blood from and to?

Answer 6

from the body to the heart

Question 7

where does the renal artery carry blood from and to?

Answer 7

from the body to the kidneys

Question 8

where does the renal vein carry blood from and to?

Answer 8

from the kidneys to the vena cava

Question 9

name the blood vessels that carry blood to the heart MUSCLE?

Answer 9

coronary arteries

Question 10

what is the aorta?

Answer 10

• connected to the left ventricle
• carries oxygenated blood to the body

Question 10

what is the vena cava?

Answer 10

• connected to the right atrium
• carries deoxygenated blood from the body tissues

Question 11

what is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 11

• connected to the right ventricle
• carried deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 12

what is the pulmonary vein?

Answer 12

• connected to the left atrium
• carries oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

Question 13

what is the coronary artery?

Answer 13

• supplies the heart MUSCLE with oxygenated blood
• branches off the aorta

Question 14

what is myocardial infarction?

Answer 14

• caused by the blockage of coronary arteries
• leads to the heart MUSCLE being deprived of oxygen
• heart MUSCLE cannot respire aerobically and thus dies

Question 15

what is atrial systole?

Answer 15

• contraction of the atria
• atrial walls contract
• ventricles remain relaxed
• the volume of the chambers decreases
• the pressure inside the chambers increases and this pushes blood out the ventricles
• AV valves are open
• SL valves are closed

Question 16

what is ventricular systole?

Answer 16

• contraction of ventricles (decreasing volume in chambers and increasing pressure in chambers)
• the atria relaxes
• pressure is higher in ventricles than atria = forces the AV valves shut(lub) to prevent back flow
• pressure in ventricles was higher in aorta and pulmonary artery = forces open SL valve
• blood is forced out the arteries

Question 17

what is diastole?

Answer 17

• relaxation of the heart muscle
• ventricles and aorta relaxes
• higher pressure in pulmonary artery and aorta = closes the SL valve
• blood returns to the heart and atria fill again = bc of higher pressure in vena cava and pulmonary vein
• pressure in atria increases
• ventricles continue to relax, pressure falls below pressure of atria so AV valve opens
• allows blood to flow passively into ventricles from atria
• atria contract and whole process beings again

Question 18

what is meant by the blood flowing passively?

Answer 18

not being pushed by atrial contraction

Question 19

what is the lub sound?

Answer 19

• ventricles contract, tricuspid and bicuspid AV valves snap shut

Question 20

what is the dubb sound?

Answer 20

• atria contract, pulmonary and aortic SL valves snap shut

Question 21

what is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 21

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Question 22

what is the role of the tendinae?

Answer 22

• due to high pressure when the ventricles contract
• the tendinae are there to prevent the inversion of the valves

Question 23

what is the role of the arteries?

Answer 23

carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 24

what are the adaptations of the arteries?

Answer 24

- thick and muscular walls = carry blood at high pressures - elastic walls = maintains high pressure and can stretch and recoil when the heart beats

Question 25

what type of blood do arteries carry?

Answer 25

- oxygenated blood - except for the pulmonary arteries

Question 26

what are arterioles?

Answer 26

- smaller vessels that divide from the arteries

Question 27

what are the adaptations of the arterioles?

Answer 27

- form a network throughout the body - muscles direct the blood to the areas of demand - the muscles can contract to restrict the blood flow and narrow the arteriole

Question 28

what are the veins?

Answer 28

- bring blood back to the heart under low pressures

Question 29

what are the adaptations of the veins?

Answer 29

- wider lumen - valves = prevent the backflow of blood - thin wall = doesn't have to withstand high pressures

Question 30

what type of blood do veins carry?

Answer 30

- deoxygenated blood - except for the pulmonary veins

Question 31

what are the capillaries?

Answer 31

- arterioles branch into capillaries, smallest blood vessel - involved in the exchange of substances between cells and capillaries such as glucose and oxygen

Question 32

what are the adaptations of capillaries?

Answer 32

- thin walls to allow diffusion of substances - endothelium and one cell thick = short diffusion pathway - near exchange tissues = short diffusion pathway - large number of capillaries = increase surface area - permeable walls - flattened endothelial cells - fenestrations = allows large molecules through

Question 33

why do all blood vessels have an endothelium?

Answer 33

to reduce friction

Question 34

what fluids are involved in tissue fluid?

Answer 34

plasma, tissue fluid and lymph

Question 35

what is the difference between tissue fluid and plasma?

Answer 35

- tissue fluid has little to no proteins as they are too large to pass through the capillary wall - plasma has larger proteins

Question 36

what is the role of the heart in the formation of tissue fluid?

Answer 36

- contraction for the ventricles create a high hydrostatic pressure - this forces water and some dissolved substances out of the capillaries