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bio topic 3 > mass transport in animals > Flashcards

mass transport in animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is mass transport necessary? [3]

A
  • most cells too far away from exchange surface for diffusion alone
  • maintains final diffusion gradients
  • maintains relatively stable environment for cells
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2
Q

What is a closed double circulatory system?

A

blood passes through the heart twice for each complete circulation of the body

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3
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

oxygenated blood in left side of heart pumped to body > deoxygenated blood returns to right side

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4
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

deoxygenated blood in right side of heart pumped to lungs > oxygenated blood returns to left side of heart

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5
Q

Why is the closed double circulatory system important for mammals? [2]

A
  • prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • blood can be pumped at a higher pressure to body
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6
Q

What do the Coronary Arteries do?

A

Deliver oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

takes OXYGENATED blood from heart → respiring tissues

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8
Q

What does the Vena Cava do?

A

takes DEOXYGENATED blood from respiring tissues → heart

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9
Q

What does the Pulmonary Artery do?

A

takes DEOXYGENATED blood from heart → lungs

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10
Q

What does the Pulmonary Vein do?

A

takes OXYGENATED blood from the lungs → heart

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11
Q

Which vessel carries blood at the lowest pressure?

A

Vena Cava

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12
Q

Which vessel carries blood at the highest pressure?

A

Aorta

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13
Q

How does the structure of the Aorta relate to its function? [3]

A

Elastic tissue allows stretching and recoiling > smooths the flow of blood and maintains pressure

Thick wall > can withstand high pressure

Aortic valve > prevents backflow of blood

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14
Q

What is the function of the Septum?

A

To prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

What is a hole in the heart?

A

A hole in the septum between two ventricles

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16
Q

What is the function of the valve tendons (heart strings) ?

A

only allows valves to open in one direction

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17
Q

Where do the renal arteries/veins lead from/to?

A

The Kidneys

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18
Q

What do the Atrioventricular valves do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles to atria

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19
Q

Name the Atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid Valve / Bicuspid Valve (Mitral Valve)

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20
Q

What do the Semi-lunar valves do?

A

Prevent backflow of blood from arteries to ventricles

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21
Q

Name the Semi-lunar valves

A

Pulmonary Valve / Aortic Valve

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22
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscle wall than the right?

A

oxygenated blood from left side has to travel greater distance around the body, so thicker muscle wall generates higher blood pressure

deoxygenated blood from right side has to travel a small distance to the lungs where high pressure would damage alveoli

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23
Q

Describe the structure of Arteries [4]

A
  • thick muscle
  • elastic fibre walls
  • narrow lumen
  • high blood pressure
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24
Q

What are Arterioles?

A

division of arteries to smaller vessels which can direct blood to different capillaries / areas

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25
Q

Describe the structure of Arterioles [4]

A
  • thicker muscle wall than arteries
  • thick elastic fibre walls
  • narrow lumen
  • very high blood pressure
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26
Q

Explain how an Arteriole can reduce blood flow to the capillaries [4]

A
  • Arterioles have a very thick muscle tissue
  • can contract
  • narrowing lumen
  • reducing blood flow
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27
Q

What are Venules?

A

Divisions of veins which carry blood from capillaries to veins

28
Q

Describe the structure of Veins [5]

A
  • Very little elastic and muscle tissue
  • Wider lumen than arteries
  • low blood pressure
  • Valves
  • Contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins, maintaining blood flow
29
Q

What is the role of Capillaries?

A

Capillaries allow the efficient exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue fluid

30
Q

What factor limits the minimum internal diameter of the lumen of a capillary?

A

The diameter of a red blood cell

31
Q

What is the relationship between the surface area and the blood velocity and why? [5]

A

The lower the surface area the higher the velocity

  • capillaries is where there is the highest surface area
  • this is where diffusion in and out of blood stream takes place - diffusion is more effective at a lower velocity as there is more time for substances to diffuse
  • however in larger blood vessels diffusion doesn’t take place so blood can move at a higher velocity
32
Q

Describe how capillaries are adapted for efficient exchange [5]

A
  • Capillary epithelium is one cell thick > short diffusion pathway
  • Capillary bed is made of a large network of branched capillaries > increased surface area
  • Narrow lumen > reduces flow rate, more time for exchange
  • Capillaries permeate tissues > no cell far away, short diffusion distance
  • Pores in walls between cells > Allows substances to escape
    (e.g. white blood cells to deal with infections)
33
Q

What is Tissue Fluid? [3]

A
  • The fluid surrounding cells / tissues
  • Provides respiring cells with
    (e.g. water / oxygen / glucose / amino acids)
  • Enables waste substances to move back into the blood
    (e.g. urea, lactic acid, carbon dioxide)
34
Q

Describe the formation of Tissue Fluid [3]

A
  • Higher blood pressure inside capillaries than tissue fluid
  • Forces fluid / water out of capillaries into spaces around cells
  • Large plasma proteins remain in capillary, as too large
35
Q

Describe the return of tissue fluid to the circulatory system [4]

A
  • Blood pressure reduces as fluid leaves capillary
  • an increasing concentration of plasma proteins lowers the water potential in the capillary below the water potential of the tissue fluid
  • Water re-enters the capillaries from the tissue fluid by osmosis down a water potential gradient
  • Excess water taken up by lymph system (lymph capillaries) and is returned to the circulatory system
36
Q

How can low concentration of protein in blood plasma lead to an accumulation of tissue fluid? [3]

A
  • Water potential in capillary higher so more water moves into tissue fluid by osmosis
  • More tissue fluid formed at arteriole end
  • Less water absorbed back into capillary by osmosis
37
Q

How can high blood pressure lead to an accumulation of tissue fluid? [4]

A
  • Increases outward pressure from arterial end of capillary / reduces inward pressure at venule end of capillary
  • So more tissue fluid formed
  • Less tissue fluid is reabsorbed
  • The lymph system is not able to drain tissues fast enough
38
Q

Why may the volume of blood leaving the capillary network be less than the volume entering?

A

Fluid making up that volume is tissue fluid or fluid in the lymphatic system

39
Q

What are the 3 stages of the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Diastole

40
Q

Describe Atrial Systole [5]

A
  • Atria contract
  • Decreasing volume + increasing pressure in atria
  • Pressure inside atria greater than pressure inside ventricles
  • Atrioventricular valves forced open
  • Blood pushed into ventricles
41
Q

Describe Ventricular Systole [6]

A
  • Ventricles contract
  • Decreasing volume + increasing pressure in ventricles
  • Pressure inside ventricles greater than pressure inside arteries
  • Atrioventricular valves shut
  • Semi-lunar valves open
  • Blood pushed out of heart through arteries
42
Q

Describe Diastole [3]

A
  • Atria and ventricles relax
  • Increasing volume + decreasing pressure inside chambers
  • Blood from veins fills atria (increasing pressure inside atria slightly) and flows passively to ventricles
43
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

44
Q

Pressure in Ventricle > Pressure in Atrium

A

Atrioventricular Valves CLOSED
Semi-lunar Valves OPEN

45
Q

Pressure in Ventricle < Pressure in Atrium

A

Atrioventricular Valves OPEN
Semi-lunar Valves CLOSED

46
Q

Give 6 examples of risk factors, increasing the chance of cardiovascular disease

A
  • Age
  • Diet high in salt or saturated fat
  • High consumption of alcohol
  • Stressful lifestyle
  • Smoking cigarettes
  • Genetic factors
47
Q

Where is Haemoglobin found?

A

In red blood cells

48
Q

How are Red Blood Cells Adapted to their function? [2]

A
  • No nucleus > contain more haemoglobin
  • Biconcave shape > increase surface area for rapid diffusion/absorption of oxygen
49
Q

Describe the structure of Haemoglobin [2]

A
  • Quaternary structure protein > made of 4 polypeptide chains
  • Each polypeptide chain contains a Haem group containing an iron ion (Fe2+) which combines with oxygen
50
Q

What is pO2? [3]

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

  • Reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood
  • Measuring the effectiveness of the lungs in pulling oxygen into the blood stream
51
Q

Describe the process of oxygen being loaded, transported and unloaded in the blood

A

Haemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen molecules
(one at each Haem group)
In the lungs…
- at a high pO2
- haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
- oxygen readily associates with haemoglobin
At respiring tissues…
- at a low pO2
- haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen
- oxygen readily dissociates from haemoglobin
- Also, concentration of CO2 is high, increasing the rate of unloading (Bohr effect)

52
Q

Describe haemoglobin and how its affinity for oxygen changes as the molecules bind

A

As 1st oxygen molecule binds >
Haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen

After the 1st oxygen molecule binds >
shape of haemoglobin changes >
making it easier for 2nd & 3rd oxygen molecules to bind >
haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

After the 3rd molecule binds >
haemoglobin starts to become saturated >
the shape of haemoglobin changes >
making it harder for other molecules to bind >
Haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen

53
Q

The Bohr Effect [6]

A
  • When rate of respiration is high (e.g. during exercise)
  • releases CO2
  • High pCO2 lowers pH
  • Reduces haemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen as haemoglobin changes shape
  • Increases rate of oxygen unloading
  • Advantageous because provides more oxygen for muscles/tissues for aerobic respiration
54
Q

What does an organism’s haemoglobin having a higher affinity for oxygen mean and who is it advantageous to?

A

More oxygen associates with haemoglobin more readily at a higher pO2
BUT
dissociates less readily

Advantageous to organisms…
- living in high altitudes
- living underground
- foetuses

55
Q

What does an organism’s haemoglobin having a lower affinity for oxygen mean and who is it advantageous to?

A

Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin more readily to respiring cells at a lower pO2
BUT
associates less readily

Advantageous to organisms…
- high rate of respiration / metabolic rate
(e.g. small / active organisms)

56
Q

What are the 4 components of the blood and what are their functions?

A

Plasma > fluid containing: glucose, water, urea, ions
Platelets > helps blood to clot
Red Blood Cells > carries oxygen
White Blood Cells > fights infections

57
Q

What is the effect of exercise? [2]

A

-Increased heart rate
- Increased stroke volume

58
Q

How do you convert cm3 > dm3?

A

x1000

59
Q

What is the cardiac output equation?

A

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
(dm3/minute) (dm3) (bpm)

60
Q

Heart Disease [5]

A

Atheroma >
Plaque >
Aneurysm / Thrombosis >
Myocardial Infarction

61
Q

Atheroma

A

a build-up of fat on the inside an artery

62
Q

Plaque [3]

A
  • The atheroma can collect minerals and become hardened to form a rough plaque.
  • The plaques bulge into the lumen of the artery
  • causing it to narrow so that blood flow is reduced
63
Q

Aneurysm [3]

A
  • plaque weakens the wall of the artery
  • weakened points swell to form a balloon-like structure called an aneurysm
  • if the wall is particularly weak it may burst
64
Q

Thrombosis [3]

A
  • atheroma breaks through the endothelium
  • forms a rough surface that interrupts the smooth flow of blood
  • may block the blood vessel reducing or preventing blood supply to the tissues
65
Q

Myocardial Infarction [2]

A
  • thrombosis prevents oxygen reaching the cardiac cells beyond the blockage
  • The death of these cells is the MI (heart attack)

bio topic 3 (4 decks)

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